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Effects of Waste Water Irrigation on Soil
Properties in Citrus Orchards
Julie Escalera
Department of Environmental Science
Dr. Chris Amrhein’s Lab
Soil Chemistry
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Reclaimed Water
• Drought and water shortages are becoming an
unavoidable crisis in arid regions.
• Reclaimed water is seen a good alternative to
higher quality well water for agricultural
irrigation.
• Reclaimed water can decrease saturated
hydraulic conductivity in the soil due to it’s higher
concentration of dissolved salts and sodium.
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Research Objectives
• Study the affects of reclaimed water on hydraulic conductivity for soil in orange orchards
• Results will help to develop sustainable reclaimed water irrigation practices
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Presentation Outline
• Overview of reclaimed water
• Relevance of project
• Location of site
• Methods
• Results
• Conclusions
• Further directions
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Hypothesis
• Test whether reclaimed water will reduce
hydraulic conductivity of soil used for citrus
groves
• Question whether horizons with higher
clay content will show significant decrease
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The Gage Canal
The Gage Canal irrigates the area in Riverside called the Greenbelt
where approx. 5000 acres of citrus orchards are located.
USDA Natural Resource Conservation Services (NRCS)
http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx
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Harrison St. Orange Grove
• Location selected in Greenbelt area
• Soils are representative of the area:
Arlington Series
Taxonomic Class:
Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Haplic Durixeralfs
• Well established orchard in production for over 100 years
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Aerial View of Sample Sites
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Collection of Samples
• Soil collected in irrigation furrow
•Hand auger sampling
•Every 20 cm
throughout profile
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Process of Preparing Soil
• 2 mm sieve to separate
gravel from fine earth
fraction (sand/ silt/ clay)
•Soil was air dried
(greenhouse at 120o F)
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Preparing Soil Columns
• 15 cm columns (6 in)
• Bottom covered with
gauze and taped
•200 g soil at same density
•Approx. same initial
hydraulic conductivity
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Three Water Treatments
Water QualityGage Canal
(Control)50/50
Reclaimed/control Reclaimed
EC (mS/cm) 0.58 0.77 0.90
pH 7.9 7.9 7.6
Alk as mg/L CaCO3 165 177 177
SAR 0.60 1.3 1.8
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Soil Characteristics
The physical
properties of soil
vary with depth
http://www.mo15.nrcs.usda.gov/features/gallery/gallery.html
Depth%
Clay
%
Silt
%
Sand
Bulk
Density
g/cm3
%OM
0-20cm 18 38 44 1.54 2.0
40-60cm 19 41 40 1.61 1.5
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• Water applied 100 ml increments
• 24 hour drying cycles between irrigations
• Hydraulic conductivity measurements using
Darcy’s Law constant head method
Methods
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Results
Depth 40-60 cm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20
Pore Volume
Satu
rate
d H
yd
rau
lic
Co
nd
ucti
vit
y (
cm
/day)
Canal
50/50
Reclaimed
No significant difference in saturated hydraulic conductivity was observed
among all treatments in deeper horizons.
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Results
Depth 0-20 cm
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15 20
Pore Volume
Satu
rate
d H
yd
rau
lic
Co
nd
ucti
vit
y (
cm
/day)
Canal
50/50
Reclaimed
Saturated hydraulic conductivity for the 50/50 treatment and the
reclaimed water treatment decreased by 16-18% compared to the
control.
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Conclusions
• Surface horizon, showed the greatest overall reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity for the reclaimed and 50/50 treatment when compared to the control.
• All treatments showed a significant decrease in saturated hydraulic conductivity which may be due to formation of vesicular pores.
• Results suggests farmers might have to change their irrigation practices or add gypsum to the soil if they use reclaimed water for irrigation.
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Future Directions
Future research will
focus on:
• How vesicular pores
form in these soils
• How reclaimed water
affects the formation
of the vesicular pores
A reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity was seen in
all treatments which may be due to formation of vesicular
pores.
Vesicular Pores
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Continuing Research
– Continuation and expansion of current
infiltration study
– Explore mitigation and potential remediation
techniques to help establish guidelines for
sustainable reclaimed water irrigation
practices
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Acknowledgements
• Dennise Jenkins
• Dr. Chris Amrhein
• Chris Wong
• Kearney Foundation
• Undergraduate Research Grant
• Campbell Research Award