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Environment Impact Assessment for
Highways
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EIA- Highways
Damage to eco-systems
Soil erosion
Interference with wild-life Loss of agricultural land
Resettlement of people
Disruption of local economic activities
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A Category
New National highways
& Expansion of National
Highways greater than
30 km, involving
additional right of waygreater than 20m
involving land
acquisition and passing
through more than one
state
General Condition
Any project or activity
specified in Category B
will be treated as
category A, if located in
whole or in part within10 km from the
boundary of:
(i) Protected area
notified under the
Wildlife Act, 1972.
(ii) Critically polluted
areas as notified by
the Central Pollution
Control Board
All state highway
projects, State highway
expansion projects in
hilly terrain or
ecologically sensitiveareas
Highway Projects : Categories
B Category
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ECP- Stages
Screening Scoping
Public Consultation
Appraisal
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Category -A
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Category -B
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Generic Structure of EIA Document
1. Introduction
2. Project Description3. Analysis of Alternatives (Technology and Site)
4. Description of the Environment
5. Anticipated Environmental Impact & Mitigation
Measures6. Environmental Monitoring Program
7. Additional Studies
8. Project Benefits
9. Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis
10. Environmental Management Plan
11. Summary & Conclusion
12. Disclosure of Consultants engaged
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
GENERAL
Project coverage, master plan, phasing and scope
Relevance of the project in the light of the existing development
plans of the region /state /nation
Description of all alternative alignments considered avoiding the
ethnic minorities living in the proposed right-of-way Procedures and criteria adopted for selection of the alignment of
right of way, alternative alignments considered, if any, details of
land acquisition involved, rehabilitation of villages/ communities if
any, proposed methods there of etc.,
Overall suitability of the identified alignment and the proposed
activity in the light of the existing environmental acts and serious
deviations.
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BROADER DETAILS OF PROJECT & LOCATION
Description of the alignment, broad geology, topography, connectivity,demographic aspects, socio, cultural and economic aspects, villages,
settlements
Details of environmentally sensitive places, land acquisition,
rehabilitation of communities/ villages and present status
Historical data such as climatic conditions, rainfall, history of cyclones,
earthquakes
Technologies involved for design and construction
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NATURAL RESOURCES REQUIREMENT
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3. Analysis of Alternatives
Consideration of Alternatives:
Types of Alternatives
Alternative solution to thetransportation problem
Alternative Design for theselected project
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The four characteristics are:
Spatial requirements
Natural resources consumption
Human resource benefits and costs and
Waste production during the construction and
operation/maintenance periods
These details shall comprise of:
Description of various alternatives
Description of each alternative
Summary of adverse and positive impact of each alternative
Selection of the alternative which is the best with respect to use
of resources and adverse environmental impact
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4.Description of the environment
Environmental components in relation to the highwayprojects:
(a) land
(b) water(c) air and meteorological
(d) Biological
(e) noise
(f) solid waste management
(g) Socio economic and health environment.
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Study Area:
Primary Data: The area falling the right way as well asfalling within 500 meters on either side of right of the
way.
Secondary Data: Within 15 km aerial distance.
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Land Environment:
Areas protected under international conventions, national or local
legislation for their ecological, landscape, cultural or other related value
Areas which are important or sensitive for ecological reasons.
Areas used by protected, flora or fauna.
Inland, coastal, marine or underground waters
State, national boundaries
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Routes or facilities used by the public for access to recreation
or other tourist, pilgrim areas
Defense installations
Densely populated or built-up area
Areas occupied by sensitive man-made land uses.
Areas containing important, high quality or scarce resources.
Areas already subjected to pollution or environmental
damage.
Areas susceptible to natural hazard, which could cause the
project to present environmental problems.
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The details of demographic profile should be
collated.
Data of the proposed land and its availability is to be
ascertained from local authorities, revenue records
etc.
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Description of theexisting situation of
the land.
f
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Details of the alignment passing through CRZ area.
Identification of major and minor irrigation tanks,
with in 2 kms on the upstream side of alignment.
The details of identified quarries and borrow areas
should be given as per the tables:
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Geology
Soil Data
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Water Environment
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Air Environment
Metrological Data
Ambient Air Data
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Noise Environment
Bi l i l E i t
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Biological Environment:
Details on secondary data on the existing flora and
fauna in the study area. The list of endangered and
endemic species should be given as:
If th d j t it i l b di
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If the proposed project site involves any breeding or
nesting ground.
If the proposed route requires cutting of trees.
Location of national parks, sanctuary, and biosphere
reserve, tiger reserve, elephant reserve and wildlife
migratory routes with in aerial distance of 10 km
either side of proposed alignment should be
furnished
S i E i d
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Socio Economic and
Health Environment:
Baseline data in the study area
particularly on human
settlements, health status of
the communities, existing
infrastructure facilities should
be collected through secondary
sources.
Present employment,
livelihood and awareness of the
population about the project
should be collected.
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Analysis of Potential Environmental
Impact & Mitigation measures
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Environmental Impact
Environmental Impact should be considered not only pertaining to the road
Right of Way but also to the sites associated with the road project .
Environmental Impact should consider:
1) Land Environment
2) Water Environment3) Air Environment
4) Noise Environment
5) Biological Environment
6) Socio-economic and Health Environment
7) Solid Waste Management
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Land Environment
Anticipated impact:
Highway projects require large quantum of land and causes disturbance to
the existing land usage
Impact due to removal of top soil during highway construction and from
storing stockyards, workers camp etc
Impact due to destabilization of slopes
Impact due to diversion of natural surface water flows
Impact due to construction of bridges across nallahs, streams, rivers and
water bodies
Mitigation measures:a) While selecting road alignment , attention must be paid to avoid areas
prone to land slides, soil erosion, fertile agricultural lands etc
b) Drainage improvements to avoid water logging and flooding due to
disturbance of natural drainage pattern
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Water Environment
Anticipated impact:
Road construction activities that intersect drainage basins, generally
modify the natural flow of water which may increase the speed of flow
resulting in flooding and soil erosion.
Impact due to spillages and accidents of the vehicles carrying chemicals
should be assessed especially if drinking water bodies are located within
500 meters
Impact on water facilities such as wells, hand pumps, tube wells etc along
the highway should be assessed
Impact due to wastewater generated from the temporary project offices
Mitigation measures:
a) Labour camps should not be located near to water bodies
b) In dry areas road drainage can be designed to retain water in small dams
or maintain a high water table, which increases the availability of water
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Air Environment
Anticipated impact:
Impact due to dust generation from excavation of soil, cutting of
embankment near to habitation, hospitals, schools, sanctuaries etc
Impact due to movement of heavy vehicles carrying construction materials
Impact due to stone quarrying Impact due to wastewater generated from the temporary project offices
Impact due to dust generation from material handling, storage, operation
of crushers and hot mix plants, movement of construction vehicles
Impact due to vehicular emissions from vehicles used for construction
Mitigation measures:
a) Selecting road alignment,which avoids passing close to houses, schools etc
b) Planting tall leafy vegetation between roads and human settlement
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Noise Environment
Anticipated impact:
Impact of noise during construction activity during operation of
equipments
Impact of noise on wildlife from crossing road corridors and becoming the
highway corridor a barrier to regular wild life travel routes.
Prediction of noise levels should be done using mathematical modelling
Impact of vibrations during blasting activity
Mitigation measures:
a) Provision for stationary machines and equipment with acoustic enclosures
and silencers during the construction stageb) Planting tall leafy and dense vegetation between roads and noise sensitive
areas
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Biological Environment
Anticipated impact:
Impact on forest resources, economically important plants including
medicinal plants and threat to endangered species
Impact on wildlife habitat and biodiversity due to change in land use
Impact due to fragmentation of wildlife habitat and territories Impact due to changes in water quality, soil profile, noise, light and air
pollution, which may affect the nature and character of habitats
Increased chances of animals encountering collision with vehicles
Mitigation measures:
a) Identification of sensitive natural environments in the early planning stageso that alternative routes can be examined
b) Compensate the loss of forest coverage by appropriate plantation
programme
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Socio-economic and Health
EnvironmentAnticipated impact:
Displacement of human settlement from proposed sites. Impact on
livelihood and loss of properties
Impact on community resources such as grazing land religious places and
panchayat meeting place etc
Impact due to accelerated urbanization
Employment opportunities and access to other amenities such as primary
education and health care facilities for local people
Mitigation measures:
a) Rehabilitation plan for displaces personsb) Training of local people for employing them in the proposed project
c) Mechanism for providing effective guidance in financial planning to
affected people
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Solid Waste Management
Anticipated impact:
Waste generated during construction may impact soil, agriculture ans water
quality
Waste generated from worker camps may impact surface and ground water
quality and agriculture
Impact due to oil spillage/leakage from machines and vehicles
Mitigation measures:
a) Road design and alignment should be finalized to minimize waste
generation through balancing of cut and fill operations and minimizingexcess cuts requiring disposal
b) Suitable top soil management
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Chapter 7 of Manual
Apart from the TOR, the other issues which proponent wants tohighlight are attached in the report through this chapter. The EIAreport and EMP should therefore address such issues also.
In such cases the proponent shall include such issues as additionalstudies under TOR and pursue them in the EIAstudy after the
regulatory authority approves TOR. Even Regulator , stake holders, can highlight project specific issues
through this chapter.
R & R Action Plans
R&R plan with data on the existing socio-economic status of thepopulation in the study area and broad plan for resettlement of thedisplaced population
Road Safety Management System
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Chapter 8 and 9 of Manual
This chapter shall include benefits accruing to thelocality, neighborhood, region and nation as a whole.It should bring out details of benefits such as:
Improvements in the physical infrastructure and road
access Improvement in social services by quicker and safe
transport mode
Development of tourism in specific areas
Reduced pollution, vehicle maintenance, fuel savingdue to better quality of roads
Over all development in economy and improved lifestyle
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Continued
Chapter 9ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)
It is a technique that compares the monetary value of
benefits with the monetary value of costs in order toevaluate and prioritize issues. The effect of time (i.e. thetime it takes for the benefits of a change to repay its costs)is taken into consideration by calculating a paybackperiod. In its simple form, CBA uses only financial costs and
financial benefits (e.g. a simple CBA of a road schemewould measure the cost of building the road, and subtractthis from the economic benefit of improving transportlinks).
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Chapter 10 of Manual
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
An EMP is a site-specific plan developed to ensure thatall necessary measures are identified and implementedin order to protect the environment and comply withenvironmental legislation.
A site-specific EMP must be prepared for all projects. Itprovides the answers to the following importantquestions:
What are the likely environmental issues for your site?
What likely harm these issues can cause to thesurrounding environment?
How will you manage these issues to minimize harm tothe environment?
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Chapter 11 of Manual
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Summary of EIA shall be a summary of the full EIA report
condensed to ten A-4 size pages at the maximum. It shouldnecessarily cover in brief the following chapters of the full EIAreport.
Introduction
Project description Description of the environment
Anticipated environmental impact & mitigation measures
Additional studies
Project benefits
Important Aspects of the Environmental Management Plan and Important Aspects of the Environmental Monitoring Programme
Disclosure of consultants engaged
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THANK YOU