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EINIRAS 2004
Open Access – The New Internet Enabled Business Model for
Scientific Publishing
Professor Bo-Christer Björk
Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration
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EINIRAS 2004
The evolution of scientific publishing
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EINIRAS 2004
Two interconnected paradigm shifts
• From printed to electronic delivery• From subscription to a variety of business
models
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EINIRAS 2004
The price/citation diagrams
Bergstrom C. Et al 2001
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EINIRAS 2004
What is Open Access
• Making scientific content available for free on the WWW
• Free means free of charge and access restrictions for the readers
• But not necessarily that there isn’t a price tag involved (new revenue models)
• Either as primary or secondary outlet
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EINIRAS 2004
Business models for scientific journal publishing
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EINIRAS 2004
Open Access Journals
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EINIRAS 2004
Subject based e-print servers
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EINIRAS 2004
Institutional repositories
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EINIRAS 2004
Self-publishing
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EINIRAS 2004
How important is OA today?
• Open Access Journals around 1 %• E-print servers important in some areas• Institutional repositories just starting• Self-publishing the most common method
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EINIRAS 2004
New refereed scientific journals founded in the years 1993-2002 categorised according to type
New refereed scientific journals in the period 1993-2002 categorised according to type
0
200
400
600
Nu
mb
er
of
titl
es
all new 523 509 499 426 426 420 369 349 296 250
online 283 272 290 283 270 252 249 247 222 192
OA 17 16 31 45 48 50 49 72 72 80
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
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EINIRAS 2004
Number of OA journals as a percentage of all newly founded scientific journals 1993-2002
New OA journals as a percentage of all new refereed scientific journals
3,3 3,16,2
10,6 11,3 11,9 13,314,9
10,8
22,0
3,3 3,16,2
10,6 11,3 11,9 13,3
20,624,3
32,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Per
cen
tag
e
All new OA, Biomed Central excluded All new OA
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EINIRAS 2004
Biomed Central
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EINIRAS 2004
What are the main barriers?
Journals Subject repositories
Institutional repositories
Legal framework - * **
IT-infrastructure ** ** **
Business models *** ** *
Institutional behaviour
*** ** *
Standards ** * ***
Awareness, critical mass
*** ** ***
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EINIRAS 2004
Means to overcome the barriers
Legal framework New types of copyright agreements allowing parallel OA publishing
IT-infrastructure Open source applications such as D-space
Business models Author or institutional author charge financed journals
Institutional Behaviour More emphasis on availability and readership of publications in Academia
Standards Widespread use of the Open Archives Initiative standard
Awareness Services such as the DOAJ
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EINIRAS 2004
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EINIRAS 2004
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EINIRAS 2004
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EINIRAS 2004
Useful links
• Finnish Open Access working group http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/finnoa/
• OACS research project http://www.oacs.shh.fi/
• Swedish Resource Centre for Scientific Communication http://www.sciecom.org/
• Directory of Open Access Journals http://www.doaj.org/
• EPrints.org - Self-Archiving and Open Archives http://www.eprints.org/
• Budapest Open Access Initiative http://www.soros.org/openaccess/
• Open Archives Initiative (OAI) http://www.openarchives.org/
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EINIRAS 2004
The End
End