![Page 1: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Competence Center Agent Core Technologies
DATA SIM Summer School 2013
Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids
Marco Lützenberger
16. Juli 2013
![Page 2: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Agenda
2 16. Juli 2013
►Why are Electric Vehicles important for us (as a researcher)?
►Part One: The Driver of an Electric Vehicle
A user-centric approach
Demo 1
►Part Two: Electric Vehicle Fleets
A provider-centric approach
Demo 2
![Page 3: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Electric Vehicle
3 16. Juli 2013
►the (electric) vehicle
►regular vs. electric
► Interesting:
the (flaw of the) battery makes the difference
Optimise range and charging intervals
the features of the battery
Utilisation of renewable energy, grid load balancing, minimising emissions
►different stakeholders
Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G)
Power 90 kW/122HP 150 kW/204HP
Torque 160 Nm 220 Nm
Weigth 1090 kg 1.465kg
Acceleration 9.1 s 8.5 s
Maximum Speed 203 km/h 152 km/h
Range 740 km 250 km
Battery 40 l 35 kWh
Charging 1-2 min 2.4 h (230V, 50A)
3.8 h (230V, 32A)
10.1h (230V,12A) source: www.mini.de
![Page 4: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Stakeholders and their interest in EVs
4 16. Juli 2013
►„Common“ stakeholders
The driver
The vehicle manufacturer
►„Uncommon“ stakeholders
The battery manufacturer
The charging station operator
The energy provider
The government
►Conflicting interests!
Driver Battery/Vehicle Charging station Energy provider Government
mobility lifetime money grid safety image
money service availability exploiting renewable
energy
reducing emissions
image reducing
emissions utilisation
regulatory energy
distribution
image
![Page 5: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The researcher
5 16. Juli 2013
►The challenge: different stakeholders, different interests
►The task: bring them together
►The aim: maximise the stakeholders profit
Driver
Battery/Vehicle
Manufacturer
Charging Station
Operator
Energy Provider
Government
![Page 6: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Developing a Solution - Constraints
6 16. Juli 2013
►Driver
scheduled and unscheduled appointments
►Vehicle/Battery manufacturer
battery characteristics: capacity, charging profile, feeding profile, CO2 fingerprint
►Charging station operator
amount, characteristics, local grid infrastructure
►Energy provider
local and global grid infrastructure, prognoses, CO2 fingerprint
►Government
amount of vehicles, CO2 emissions
![Page 7: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Problem... In a nutshell
7 16. Juli 2013
►Different stakeholder
driver, vehicle/battery manufacturer, charging station operator, energy provider, (government)
►Different interests
mobility, CO2 efficiency, lifetime, service, utilisation of infrastructures, utilisation of wind energy, money, image, ...
►The aim: maximise the stakeholders profit
►Developing such system is…
Modelling
Implementation
Deployment
Monitoring
► logical distribution, autonomy, reactivity, proactivity, interaction
► { The | A } solution: The agent paradigm
►Consider the stakeholders as (software-) agents
difficult
![Page 8: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Agentoriented Software Engineering
8 16. Juli 2013
► „The Agent“ as constituting concept
► What is the definition of an Agent? There is no (common) definition!
Wooldridge and Jennings (1995): […] the term agent is used to denote a hardware or (more usually) software-based computer system that enjoys the following properties:
Autonomy: agents operate without the direct intervention of humans or others, and have some kind of control over their actions and internal state
Social ability: agents interact with other agents (and possibly humans) via some kind of agent-communication languate
Reactivity: agents perceive their environment, (which may be the physical world, a user via a graphical user interface, a collection of other agents, the INTERNET, or perhaps all of these combined), and respond in a timely fashion to changes that occur in it;
Pro-activeness: agents do not simply act in response to their environment, they are able to exhibit goal-directed behaviour by taking the initiative.
► Why agents?
AOSE Methodologies, Documentation, Development Tools, Frameworks, Monitoring Tools
JADE, JACK, Jason, JASDL, Jadex, JIAC, 3APL, Cougaar, …
► Back to the problem: autonomy, reactivity, proactivity, interaction, logical distribution
![Page 9: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The W2V2G System I - Design
9 16. Juli 2013
► User Agent(s)
Accesses mobility patterns (derived, upcoming)
► Car Agent(s)
Accesses vehicle, generates consumption profile
► Charging Station Agent(s)
Local grid management, infrastructure information
► Energy Provider Agent
Information about grid load and available wind energy
► System Functionality
Energy Management (W2V, V2G, Controlling)
► Additional functionality:
Route Planning
![Page 10: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The W2V Algorithm
10 16. Juli 2013
►Backend Software
►Triggered by Vehicle Agent (VA) and User Agent (UA)
Calculated consumption (VA) < Minimum SOC (UA)
![Page 11: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The W2V Trigger I
11 16. Juli 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Expected SOC
Minimum
![Page 12: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The W2V Trigger II
12 16. Juli 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Expected SOC
Minimum
![Page 13: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The W2V Algorithm
13 16. Juli 2013
►Backend Software (BS)
►Triggered by Vehicle Agent (VA) and User Agent (UA)
Calculated consumption (VA) < Minimum SOC (UA)
►Preceeding Time intervals are examined
Effect of charging time on energy progression (BS – UA – VA)
Grid state (BS – Energy Provider Agent (EA))
![Page 14: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
W2V - Filtering
14 16. Juli 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Expected SOC
Minimum
![Page 15: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The W2V Algorithm
15 16. Juli 2013
►Backend Software (BS)
►Triggered by Vehicle Agent (VA) and User Agent (UA)
Calculated consumption (VA) < Minimum SOC (UA)
►Preceeding time intervals are filtered
Effect of charging time on energy progression (BS – UA – VA)
Grid state (BS – Energy Provider Agent (EA))
►Remaining time intervals are assessed
Wind energy (BS – EA)
Local grid state (BS – Charging Station Agent)
![Page 16: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
W2V - Filtering
16 16. Juli 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Expected SOC
Minimum
0
2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
![Page 17: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
W2V - Charging
17 16. Juli 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Expected SOC
Minimum
![Page 18: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The W2V Algorithm
18 16. Juli 2013
►Backend Software (BS)
►Triggered by Vehicle Agent (VA) and User Agent (UA)
Calculated consumption (VA) < Minimum SOC (UA)
►Preceding (violation) time intervals are filtered
Effect of charging time on energy progression (BS – UA – VA)
Grid state (BS – Energy Provider Agent (EA))
►Remaining time intervals are assessed
Wind energy (BS – EA)
Local grid state (BS – Charging Station Agent (CA))
►Vehicle is mainly charging renewable energy
►Additional consumption serves for load peak grading
![Page 19: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The V2G Algorithm
19 16. Juli 2013
►Backend Software
►Triggered by User Agent or by Vehicle Agent (BS – UA – VA)
Detected change in mobility pattern
►Potential time intervals are analysed (BS – EA – UA – CA)
Grid load expected wind energy (EA)
Quotient > 0.9 discarded
Availability (CA)
►Constraint check for identified feeding intervals (UA – VA)
SOC violation?
If not possible compensation by charging (W2V)
![Page 20: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Expected SOC
Minimum
W2V - Charging
20 16. Juli 2013
Original W2V Strategy
V2G Feeding Intervals
V2G Compensation
![Page 21: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Results
21 16. Juli 2013
►Field test Evaluation
►No SOC violation
►A few grid violations (our fault)
►Mini Cooper S CO2 Emissions (estimated): 18.126 gram
►Mini E (user controlled charging): 4.283,53 gram
►Mini E (W2V2G application): 2364,57 gram
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Mini E (W2V2G) Mini E (User Controlled) Mini Cooper S
![Page 22: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Implementation Details
22 16. Juli 2013
►Java Intelligent Agent Componentware V (JIAC V)
►Framework with a focus on industrial applications/projects
►Reliability, robustness, scalability, modularity, reusability
►Merging agents and services
►Third party API integration
![Page 23: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Java Intelligent Agent Componentware
23 16. Juli 2013
► features
reliable communication, extensibility, reuse, performance, monitoring, maintenance, documentation, comprehensive tool support, state-of-the-art concepts/paradigms
►project requirements
robustness, scalability, support for service management, monitoring, extensibility, SOA, Cloud, webservices, OSGi Bundles, ...
►extensibility by modular assembly tailored solutions
component based architecture (agent/node beans)
►state-of-the-art libraries and languages
Java, Spring, ActiveMQ, JMX, …
![Page 24: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The JIAC V Framework – Libraries
24 16. Juli 2013
►Agent platform agent nodes (+node beans) agents agent beans
►Runtime deployment (Spring)
►Java based implementation
►agent interaction by (ActiveMQ)
service invocation (SOA), messages, custom protocols
►Knowledge
tuple-space based memory
►runtime monitoring (JMX)
![Page 25: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
JIAC Applications - Nodes
25 16. Juli 2013
►Default Nodes
JMX, Secured JMX, Service Directory, Registry
►Component Specification in Spring parent description
JMX capable parent node
Agent references
Agent description
![Page 26: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
JIAC Applications - Agents
26 16. Juli 2013
►Default Agents
Simple Agent, non-blocking agent, custom
►Component specification in Spring parent description
non-blocking parent agent
bean reference
![Page 27: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
JIAC Applications – (Agent) Beans
27 16. Juli 2013
►Specification in Spring
► Implementation in Java (extends AbstractMethodExposingBean)
fully qualified java name
Bean attribute
![Page 28: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
JIAC V – Agents
28 16. Juli 2013
►agent standard components
execution cycle, local memory, communication adaptors
►component based architecture
agent behaviours and capabilities in AgentBeans
► flexible activation schemes
regular, life cycle, observers, action methods
►AgentBeans and NodeBeans
►available AgentBeans (and NodeBeans)
communication, JADL++ interpreter, Drools rule engine, migration, persistence, load measurement and –balancing, user management, human agent interface, webserver, webservice gateway, OSGi gateway
![Page 29: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Demo 1
29 16. Juli 2013
![Page 30: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Lessons Learned
30 16. Juli 2013
► It worked!
►CO2 was decreased
►Agent technology supported:
Transparent distribution
Distributed development
Programming behaviour
►Not everything was good!
Communication
Planning performance
![Page 31: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Lessons Learned
31 16. Juli 2013
►Stakeholder
Driver Battery/Vehicle Charging station Energy provider Government
mobility lifetime money grid safety image
money service availability exploiting renewable
energy
reducing emissions
image reducing
emissions utilisation
regulatory energy
distribution
image
![Page 32: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Electric Vehicles and Micro SmartGrids
32 16. Juli 2013
►Wishlist:
Not one but many (electric) vehicles
Valid information on vehicle utilisation
Consuming AND producing infrastructure
Ability to (temporarily) store electric energy
► (Electric) car sharing + the Micro SmartGrid
►The vision
Use EVs and local storage to ‘buffer’ surpluses of energy
Make the grid autarkic
Area of application: Companies, car sharing enterprises
![Page 33: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Test Site Setup
16. Juli 2013 ISGT 2012 33
▶ Real-life test system of ‚Micro Smart Grid‘
Photovoltaic 50 kWp
Wind Turbines 5 kWp
Hydrogen Fuel Cell 1 kWel, 1 kWth
Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth
Grid Buffer Battery 140 - 160 kWh; 18 kW
13 Electric Vehicle charging stations with distinct specifications, mostly 16 A, 400 V
Single Point of Common Coupling at 630 kVA transformer
![Page 34: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The (second) Problem
34 16. Juli 2013
►Factors:
Consumption
Production (wind and solar energy)
Vehicle utilisation
►The challenge:
Not one but many vehicles
Vehicles are REALLY required (time critical)
Minimise grid procurement
Maximise utilisation of renewable energy minimise C02 emissions
![Page 35: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The Second Problem
35 16. Juli 2013
►W2V2G Approach
Inapplicable time critical environment
►Deterministic optimisation
Brute force?
Complex (NP-hard problem) time critical environment
►Stochastic optimisation
Possible! …but is it good?
Evolution strategy
![Page 36: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Modelling – Formulate the problem
36 16. Juli 2013
►Consider charging schedules (the arrangement of charging and feeding processes) as ‘population’
►Populations are moduled as follows:
►A ‘process graph’ contains all energy consumption and generation processes
►These are modelled as activities (duration+energy demand)
►Activities are linked to ‘inventory resources’ (EVs or charging stations)
Constraints: maximum load, minimum capacity, ...
►Minimize the externally procured energy
Depending on a (dynamic) tariff
![Page 37: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Optimsation Algoritm (Evolution Strategy)
37 16. Juli 2013
► (μ/ρ + λ) strategy
►Generate initial population of μ individuals
►Based on these μ ‘parents’, λ ‘offsprings’ are generated...
by recombining a random selection of ρ parents
and slightly altering ‘mutating’ the result
► Initial population is created by very simple scheduler (charge when vehicles return)
►Mutate by shifting individual or groups of activities to another place in the process plan
►Recombination difficult due to many dependencies
►Measure the quality and mutate, again
►Terminate when there is no increase in quality
![Page 38: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Problems
38 16. Juli 2013
►Results are ok!
►Well know problem of stochastic approaches
Local optima
Algorithm gets ‚stuck ‘
►Solution: Not one but many problem solvers (agents)
Develop interaction protocol
Distribute agents on local (multi-core) machine
![Page 39: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Optimisation protocol
39 16. Juli 2013
►Optimisation client
Proposes optimisation job
►Optimisation server
Accepts (or rejects) optimisation job
![Page 40: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Performance
40 16. Juli 2013
►Quality versus populations
►Quality versus time
![Page 41: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Conclusion
41 16. Juli 2013
►Agents can not only be used for physical distribution, but also for logical distribution
►Avoided well known problem of stochastic optimisation
►Exploited multi-core architecture
►No ‘real’ agency
autonomy? social ability? reactiveness? pro-activeness?
►recombination
![Page 42: Electric Vehicles vs. (Micro) SmartGrids School 2013... · Mini Cooper Mini E (V2G) ... component based architecture (agent/node beans) ... Stirling Engine 1 kWel, 16 kWth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5aab5ab67f8b9aa9488be3ab/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Demonstration 2
42 16. Juli 2013