S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Electrical Electrical Communications SystemsCommunications Systems
ECE.09.331ECE.09.331 Spring 2010Spring 2010
Shreekanth MandayamECE Department
Rowan University
http://engineering.rowan.edu/~shreek/spring10/ecomms/
Lecture 12aLecture 12aApril 13, 2010April 13, 2010
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Plan• Pulse Amplitude Modulation
• TDM Standards• T1 (DS-1) Line• North American TDMA Hierarchy
• Line Encoding
• Digital Bandpass Communications• Why digital modulation?• Digital Modulation: Introduction (ASK, FSK, PSK)• Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)• Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)• M-ary PSK and M-ary QAM • Observing Digital Bandpass Signals
• Constellation diagrams• Eye Diagrams
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
ECOMMS: Topics
Probability
Inform ation
Entropy
Channel Capacity
Discrete
Pow er & Energy Signals
Continuous Fourier Transform
Discrete Fourier Transform
Baseband and Bandpass Signals
Com plex Envelope
Gaussian Noise & SNR
Random VariablesNoise Calculations
Continuous
Signals
AMSw itching M odulator
Envelop Detector
DSB-S CProduct M odulatorCoherent Detector
Costas Loop
SSBW eaver's MethodPhasing M ethod
Frequency M ethod
Frequency & Phase M odulationNarrowband/WidebandVCO & Slope Detector
PLL
Analog
Source EncodingHuffm an codes
Error-control EncodingHam m ing Codes
Sam plingPAM
QuantizationPCM
Line Encoding
Tim e Division M uxT1 (DS1) Standards
Packet Sw itchingEthernet
ISO 7-Layer Protocol
BasebandCODEC
ASKPSKFSK
BPSK
QPSK
M -ary PSK
QAM
BandpassM ODEM
DigitalDigital Com m Transceiver
Systems
Electrical Comm unication Systems
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Digital Communications Transceiver
Anti-aliasingFilter
DataEncryption
Encoder
SourceEncoder
ErrorControlEncoder
Channel/Line
Encoder
Modulator
MU
X
AudioAmp
SourceDecoder
DataEncryption
Decoder
ErrorControlDecoder
Equalization /DecisionCircuits
Demod-ulatorD
EM
UX
Reconstruction/DAC
ADC
CODEC MODEM
Analog o/p
Mu
ltip
le a
cces
s ch
ann
el
Analog i/p
Sampling Quantization
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Time Division Multiplexing
Message 1
Message 2
Message N
Quantize&
EncodeChannel
Message 1
Message 2
Message N
Decode
LPF
LPF
LPF
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
T1-Line TDM Format
F
Channel 1
1 8765432
Channel 2
1 8765432
Channel 24
1 8765432
1 Frame = (24 Channels + F) = 125 s
193 bits
Frame Sync BitEven Frames: 0 0 1 1 1 0Odd Frames: 1 0 1 0 1 0
Every Sixth FrameLSB (8th bit) is a Signaling bit
Bipolar R-Z Line Encoding
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
North American TDMA Hierarchy
1st
MUX
1
24
64 kbs1 VFDS-0
1
2
DS-4274.176 Mbs4032 VF
5th
MUX
1
6
DS-344.736 Mbs672 VF
4th
MUX
1
7
DS-26.312 Mbs96 VF
3rd
MUX
1
4
DS-11.44 Mbs24 VF
2nd
MUX
DS-5560.160 Mbs8064 VF
• Figure 3-40, p. 207 in Couch• Table 3-8, p. 208 in Couch• Table 3-9, p. 209 in Couch
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Digital Communications Transceiver
Anti-aliasingFilter
DataEncryption
Encoder
SourceEncoder
ErrorControlEncoder
Channel/Line
Encoder
Modulator
MU
X
AudioAmp
SourceDecoder
DataEncryption
Decoder
ErrorControlDecoder
Equalization /DecisionCircuits
Demod-ulatorD
EM
UX
Reconstruction/DAC
ADC
CODEC MODEM
Analog o/p
Mu
ltip
le a
cces
s ch
ann
el
Analog i/p
Sampling Quantization
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Line Encoding
Couch, p. 157 Couch, p. 162
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
ECOMMS: TopicsECOMMS: Topics
Probability
Inform ation
Entropy
Channel Capacity
Discrete
Pow er & Energy Signals
Continuous Fourier Transform
Discrete Fourier Transform
Baseband and Bandpass Signals
Com plex Envelope
G aussian Noise & SNR
Random VariablesNoise Calculations
Continuous
Signals
AMSw itching M odulator
Envelop Detector
DSB-S CProduct M odulatorCoherent Detector
Costas Loop
SSBW eaver's MethodPhasing M ethod
Frequency M ethod
Frequency & Phase M odulationNarrow band/WidebandVCO & S lope Detector
PLL
Analog
Source EncodingHuffm an codes
Error-control EncodingHam m ing Codes
Sam plingPAM
Q uantizationPCM
Line Encoding
Tim e Division M uxT1 (DS1) Standards
Packet Sw itchingEthernet
ISO 7-Layer Protocol
BasebandCODEC
ASKPSKFSK
BPSK
Q PSK
M -ary PSK
Q AM
BandpassM O DEM
DigitalDigital Com m Transceiver
Systems
Electrical Comm unication Systems
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Digital Communications Transceiver
Anti-aliasingFilter
DataEncryption
Encoder
SourceEncoder
ErrorControlEncoder
Channel/Line
Encoder
Modulator
MU
X
AudioAmp
SourceDecoder
DataEncryption
Decoder
ErrorControlDecoder
Equalization /DecisionCircuits
Demod-ulatorD
EM
UX
Reconstruction/DAC
ADC
CODEC MODEM
Analog o/p
Mu
ltip
le a
cces
s ch
ann
el
Analog i/p
Sampling Quantization
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Digital Bandpass Communications
• Why digital modulation?
Reproduced from: http://www.tm.agilent.com/tmo/Notes/pdf/5965-7160E.pdf
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Industry Trends
Reproduced from: http://www.tm.agilent.com/tmo/Notes/pdf/5965-7160E.pdf
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Applications
Reproduced from: http://www.tm.agilent.com/tmo/Notes/pdf/5965-7160E.pdf
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Digital Modulation
Carrier signal: Ac cos (2fct +)
Modulation: m(t)
Modulated signal: Ac (t) cos (2fc(t) t +(t))
Vary Vary Vary amplitude frequency phase
Variations are discrete!!!!!
m(t); discrete
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Recall: Dig Comm Principle
1 0 1 0………1 1
0 0
Analog message
Digitalcode
Digital message
Sinusoidal carrier
modulate
AM
FM
PM
AM &PM
1 0 1 0
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Signal Vector Representation
PhaseM
agnit
ude
S
0 degreesI
Q
I-QPlane
s(t) = Ac(t) cos (2fct +(t))
fixed!!!fixed!!!
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Signal Changes:Representation in the IQ Plane
S1
S2 I
QMagnitudeChange
S1
S2
I
Q
PhaseChange
S1
S2
I
QMagnitude& PhaseChange
FrequencyChange
???
I-Q Diagrams or
Constellations
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
I
Q
1 0
IQ Diagram
t
(t)
0 radians
radians
s(t) = Ac cos(2fct + (t))
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK)
I
Q
11
IQ Diagrams(t) = Ac cos(2fct + (t))
t
(t)
01
10
00
00
10
01
11
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
M-ary Phase Shift Keying(M-ary PSK)
I
Q
Octophase I-Q
Constellation
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(M-ary-QAM)
I
Q
16 QAMI-Q
Constellation
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Different ways of looking at Different ways of looking at a digitally modulated signala digitally modulated signal
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Time & Frequency Domain ViewTime & Frequency Domain View
Reproduced from: http://www.tm.agilent.com/tmo/Notes/pdf/5965-7160E.pdf
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Frequency & Power ViewFrequency & Power View
Reproduced from: http://www.tm.agilent.com/tmo/Notes/pdf/5965-7160E.pdf
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
I-Q Constellation DiagramI-Q Constellation Diagram
Reproduced from: http://www.tm.agilent.com/tmo/Notes/pdf/5965-7160E.pdf
Matlab Demo:qpsk.m
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
Eye DiagramEye Diagram
Reproduced from: http://www.tm.agilent.com/tmo/Notes/pdf/5965-7160E.pdf
Matlab:>>eyediagram
S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University
SummarySummary