Download - Electromagnetic Waves
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ElectromagneticWaves
CHARITY I. MULIG
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Def’n: EM Wave
• Energy-carrying wave emitted by vibrating charges (often electrons) that is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that regenerate one another.
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The EM Spectrum
Range of frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation can be propagated.
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Change in frequency of a wave of sound or light due to the motion of the source or the receiver.
os
oL f
vvvvf
Where•fl is the apparent frequency•f0 is the original frequency•v is the speed of the wave in the medium•v0 is the speed observer relative to the medium; positive if the observer is moving towards the source•vs is the speed of the source relative to the medium; positive if the source is moving away from the observer.
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Doppler Effect for EM Waves
Observed Frequency
• vs,r = vs – vr is the velocity of the source relative to the receiver; it is positive when the source and the receiver are moving further apart.
• λo is the wavelength of the transmitted wave in the reference frame of the source.
Change in Frequency
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Def’n: Polarization• Aligning of
vibrations in a transverse wave, usually by filtering out waves of other directions.
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Wavefronts vs. RaysHuygen’s Principle
“The wave fronts of light waves spreading out from a point source can be regarded as the overlapped crests of tiny secondary waves – wave fronts are made up of tinier wave fronts”
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Properties of EM Waves1. Reflection2. Refraction3. Diffraction4. Dispersion5. Scattering6. Interference7. Polarization
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Geometric Optics
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Reflection
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Types of ReflectionSpecular/Regular Diffused/Irregular
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The open-mesh parabolic dish is a diffuse reflector for short-wavelength light but a polished reflector for long-wavelength radio waves.
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Law of Reflection1. The incident,
reflected and normal ray all lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
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Reflection at a Plane Surface
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Locating Plane Mirror Image
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Guidelines for Ray Diagrams
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Ray Diagram For Concave Mirrors
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Ray Diagram for Convex Mirrors
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Mirror Equation and Lateral Magnification
0
0
1211
dd
hhm
fRdd
i
o
i
i
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Mirror Equation Sign Convention
Quantity Positive Negatived0 Real object Virtual Object
di Real image Virtual Image
f Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
m Upright/Erect Inverted
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Sample Problems
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Refraction
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Fermat’s Principle of Least Time
• Pierre Fermat • Out of all possible paths that light might travel
to get from one point to another, it travels the path that requires the shortest time.
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