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Electronic Flight Instrument System
Boeing 747-400
Introduction
The Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) is an avionics system connected with
most of the aircraft systems. It consist of Primary Display System (PFD), Engine
Indication and Crew Alerting System (EICAS), Navigational Display (ND) and other
instruments.
Primary Display System
The primary display system (PDS) is part of the airplane information management
system (AIMS). The PDS shows information in many different formats on six display
units (DUs) in the flight deck. The information includes:
Airplane status
Navigation data
Flight plan data
Engine indicating and crew alerting data
Communication data
Checklists
Maintenance data.
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PRIMARY DISPLAY SYSTEM
The AIMS PDS provides dynamic and static information to the flight and ground crews.
The PDS also provides crew interface with other avionics systems. These are the major
components of the AIMS PDS:
Six display units (DUs)
Two EFIS control panels (EFIS CPs)
Display select panel (DSP)
Two cursor control devices (CCDs)
Two remote light sensors (RLSs)
Two instrument source select panels (ISSPs)
Two display switching panels
Center display control panel.
Three control display units (CDU) give alternate EFIS CP functions and alternate DSP
functions.
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EFIS Control Panel
Two identical EFIS control panels (EFIS CP) control data on the PFD and ND formats.
PFD Controls
Use these controls to manage data on the PFD:
Minimums reference selector
Flight path vector (FPV) switch
Meters (MTRS) switch
Barometric (BARO) reference selector.
The minimums reference selector selects and sets altitude minimums. The minimums
reference outer selector selects either RADIO or BARO minimums. The inner selector
sets the altitude. The reset (RST) push-button switch cancels the RADIO or BARO alert
annunciation.
The FPV switch enables or disables the display of the FPV vector symbol. The meters
(MTRS) switch is an alternate action switch that controls the display of actual and
selected altitude in meters. This is in addition to the display of these parameters in feet.
The barometric reference selector selects and sets the barometric reference. This
selector has three controls, outer, middle, and inner. The baro reference outer selector
selects either inches of mercury (IN) or hectopascals (hPa) as the barometric referenceon the related PFD. The barometric middle selector sets the barometric correction. The
inner pushbutton switch selects the standard baro setting 29.92 inches of Hg or 1013
hpa.
ND Controls
The ND mode selector enables either the approach (APP), VOR, MAP, or PLAN modes.
Use the center (CTR) push-button to toggle between an expanded display that covers
90 degrees and a centered display that covers 360 degrees in all modes except PLAN.
The ND range selector controls the map range or display range in the MAP or PLAN
mode. This selector also controls weather radar range and TCAS intruder symbol range
in the expanded APP mode, expanded VOR mode and MAP modes. The traffic switch
selects or cancels TCAS traffic data.
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The VOR/ADF switches show radio navigation aid data in all modes except PLAN. The
OFF position causes the VOR and ADF information to go out of view. Bearing
information shows on the compass rose when you set either switch to VOR or ADF.
VOR/ADF identification or frequency data also shows in the lower corner or the display.
Co-located DME distance shows when the switches are in the VOR position. These ND
map switches cause data to show on the NDs or cause data on the NDs to go out of
view:
Terrain (TERR)
Weather radar (WXR)
Station (STA)
Waypoint (WPT)
Airport (ARPT)
DATA
Position (POS)
The terrain map switch causes ground proximity warning computer (GWPC) terrain data
to show. The weather map switch causes weather radar (WXR) data to show. The
station map switch causes navigation aids not in the flight plan to show. The waypoint
map switch causes waypoints and ground reference points to show.
The airport map switch causes airports not in the flight plan to show. The DATA map
switch causes route data to show. The STA, WPT, ARPT and DATA switches affect the
map background display.
The position map switch causes VOR/DME and air data inertial reference system
(ADIRS) position data to show on the map display.
Alternate Control Panel Functions
The left and right control display units (CDUs) provide alternative EFIS CP functions.
CDU menu selections enable the alternate EFIS CP functions.
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EFIS Control Panel
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Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System (EICAS)
The EICAS performs the functions of engine indicating and crew alerting. The EICAS
displays data transmitted from many systems. In addition to indicating engine data, the
EICAS displays and/or stores information related to airplane maintenance, dispatch
condition, and system configuration.
There are three configurations of the EICAS display format. These configurations are:
Normal configuration:
Two EICAS capable DUs available.
Secondary engine parameter exceedances (oil pressure, oil temperature, oil
quantity, vibration) do not exist.
Non-normal configuration
Two EICAS capable DUs available
Secondary engine parameter exceedances exist.
Degraded configuration
One EICAS capable DU available.
The EICAS display normally shows on the upper center display unit (DU). When theupper center DU fails, the display automatically shows on the lower center DU. The
display shows primary engine parameters and other data which require continuous
display for flight safety. The EICAS display shows:
Total air temperature (TAT) and assumed temperature
Thrust reference mode
Thrust reverser indication
Primary engine parameters
Anti-ice indication
Pressurization indications
Alerting and other annunciation messages
Engine in-flight start envelope
Gear position
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TAT and Assumed Temperature
TAT shows above the EPR scales in white. Assumed temperature shows above the
EPR scale in green when a request is made from the CDU thrust limit page. Assumed
temperature is for reduced thrust takeoffs.
Thrust Limit Mode Annunciations
The thrust limit mode annunciation shows in green above and between the EPR scales.
Thrust Reverser Indication
REV shows above each engine EPR actual readout when the thrust reverser is in transit
or the extended position. The indication temporarily overrides the primary thrust
reference readout. The REV readout is amber when the thrust reverser is in transit and
is green when the thrust reverser is fully extended.
Engine Parameters
The engine parameters show in a round dial format in a vertical column. EPR shows
first, then N1 and EGT. Each parameter has a digital readout and an analog round dial.
EPR
The EPR scale starts at an EPR minimum (3 oclock position). EPR maximum shows at
the 210 degree position. A pointer and the gray shading behind the pointer show the
actual EPR. An amber bar at the upper end of the scale shows EPR maximum. Digital
readouts for EPR show above the round dials. EPR command shows as a white sector
that moves around the EPR scale. The reference EPR shows as a green digital readout
above the actual EPR box.
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Anti-Ice Indication
A green engine anti-ice (EAI) indication shows next to the N1 scale when the engine
anti-ice valve is open. The wing anti-ice (WAI) indication shows near the bottom of the
N1 scale when the wing anti-ice valve is open. N1 and EGT N1 and EGT also show in a
round dial format. A pointer and a gray scale show the actual values. Redline limits,
amber band and amber band limits show on the scales. The reference N1 readout and
bug, N1 maximum line, and N1 command show during alternate mode operation. Digital
readouts for N1 and EGT show above the analog dials.
When an engine exceedance occurs, this data changes from white to red or amber:
Scale
Digital readout
Digital readout box
Fill area.
For redline exceedances, the box around the digital readout stays red after the
exceedance goes away. The CANC/RCL switch removes or shows the exceedance
indication. The engine exceedance maintenance page shows the exceedance
information and controls the data. Both N1 and EGT show exceedances when they
occur.
ATC Datalink Message Field
An ATC message shows in the communication message field at the bottom left corner
of EICAS when there is an ATC uplink. If ECS information shows the ATC text shows
above it. If the EICAS display is not in the compacted format, ATC message text shows
in the ATC datalink message field.
The ATC datalink message field has a maximum of 30characters across. It also has:
A maximum of 5 lines of text
1 line for accept, reject, cancel, and time information.
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Pressurization Indications
Pressurization indications show below the EGT scales when an associated crew alert
message shows or a parameter exceedance occurs. The data shows for the length of
the condition when no AIR synoptic shows. The data includes:
Duct pressure
Cabin altitude
Cabin rate
Cabin differential pressure
Outflow valves
Landing altitude.
Any non-normal condition shows in red or amber.
Alerting and Other Annunciation Messages
These crew alerting and annunciation messages show on the right side of the display:
Warning
Caution
Advisory
Communication
Memo.
The messages show by priority and in chronological order. The message field shows
eleven messages. When more than eleven messages exist, a white page number
shows. A small box shows adjacent to these messages when there is a non-normal
checklist with the message:
Warning
Caution Advisory.
The small box goes away when electronic checklists are on and the checklist for the
message is complete.
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STATUS Cue and RECALL Annunciation
The STATUS cue shows when the PDS makes a new status message and the status
page is not showing. The STATUS cue goes away when the operator selects the status
page or when the condition that causes the status message goes away. The STATUS
cue is cyan.
The RECALL annunciation shows for one second each time the operator uses the recall
switch. The RECALL annunciation is white.
In-flight Start Envelope
The range of airspeed for an in-flight start shows below the crew alerting message field.
This occurs during flight if any engine is shut down and its fire switch is on. The flight
level shows in hundreds of feet and is to the nearest 1,000 feet of actual airplane
altitude. If the airplane is above the maximum flight level for in-flight start, the maximum
and current flight level show.
Gear Position Indication
A single landing gear indication shows the condition of the nose, left, and right main
gear during normal operation. A white UP shows when all gear are up and locked. A
green DOWN shows when all gear are down and locked. When the gear are in transit, a
series of white diagonal lines show. The gear display goes blank after the gear UP
shows for ten seconds.
During non-normal conditions, a multiple gear indication shows all individual gear
positions.
Flap Position Indication
During normal flap operation, a single thermometer style indicator shows for all flap
segments. The indicator shows the flap lever detents of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 25, and 30
degrees along the scale. Zero is at the top. A horizontal bar and a digital readout show
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the commanded flap position. The digital readout shows when the flap handle is in
detent. The bar and readout are green when the flaps/slats are in the commanded
position. Otherwise they are magenta.
The flap position indication goes blank ten seconds after the commanded flap position is
0 and both the flap handle and the flaps are in the 0 detent.
During non-normal conditions, a multiple flap indication shows. The multiple indication
shows all individual flap/slat segments for each wing.
Fuel Data
Total fuel quantity and fuel temperature show as white numerical readouts in the lower
right corner of the display. TOTAL FUEL and TEMP show in cyan.
During a fuel imbalance condition, a fuel quantity block shows to help the crew balance
the fuel in the main tanks. A low fuel temperature condition causes the fuel temperature
readout to change to amber.
During fuel jettison, the fuel temperature readout changes to fuel-to-remain indication.
EICAS DISPLAY FORMAT
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EICAS Message Processing
EICAS shows messages when certain conditions are met. Each type of message goes
through several possible conditions before it shows on the display. Each message
condition needs certain logic to be true.
Crew Alert Messages
Crew alert messages have these three possible conditions:
ENABLED
ACTIVE
DISPLAYABLE.
A message is ENABLED when the logic is true and configuration requirements are true.
A message is ACTIVE when it is ENABLED and there are no inhibits.
A message is DISPLAYABLE when it is ACTIVE and it is not cancelled.
ACTIVE crew alerting messages that are inhibited by the starter cutout inhibit or that go
away because of an overflow condition are DISPLAYABLE. Use the CNCL/RCL switch
on the display select panel (DSP) to review the starter cutout inhibit messages. Also use
the CNCL/RCL switch to go to the next page to review the overflow messages.
Status Messages
Status messages have these four possible conditions:
ENABLED
CURRENT
ACTIVE
DISPLAYABLE.
A message is ENABLED when the logic is true and configuration requirements are true.
A message is CURRENT when it is ENABLED and there are no inhibits. (ESI must be
false or ESI became true after the message was ACTIVE.)
A message is ACTIVE when it becomes current or when it is latched.
A message is DISPLAYABLE when it is ACTIVE and it is not cancelled.
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ACTIVE status messages that go away because of an overflow condition are
DISPLAYABLE. Use the STAT switch on the DSP to go to the next page of messages.
EICAS Message Processing
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Primary Flight Display (PFD)
The primary flight display (PFD) gives the crew this information:
Attitude
Critical parameters cross comparison
Airspeed
Altitude
Marker beacon
Vertical speed
Heading
Localizer and glide slope deviation
Autopilot and autothrottle mode annunciations
Autopilot status annunciations
Radio altitude and decision height
Time critical warning (TCW) messages.
Attitude
The attitude area supplies the flight crew with pitch and roll information from the air data
inertial reference system (ADIRS). This data shows as sky/ground shading, a horizon
line and a fixed airplane symbol. Additional information in this area includes this:
Flight director (F/D) bars
Flight path vector (FPV)
Flight path angle (FPA)
TCAS commands
Slip/skid information
Pitch limit indications.
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Critical Parameter Cross Comparison
Each PFD graphic generator compares this data with the data for the other PFD:
Track
Heading
Pitch attitude
Roll attitude.
When the difference between pitch or roll attitude exceeds three degrees, heading
exceeds four degrees, or track exceeds six degrees, the system makes an EICAS
ATTITUDE message.
Airspeed
The airspeed indication is to the left of the attitude area. Digital readouts show
computed air speed (CAS) and MACH values. Reference speeds, maximum and
minimum limit speeds, and speed trend data also show.
Altitude
The barometric altitude indication shows as a digital readout and a moving tape to theright of the attitude area.
Marker Beacon
The marker beacon indication shows in the upper right area of the attitude display. Inner
marker (IM) white, middle marker (MM) amber, or outer marker (OM) blue, show as the
airplane flies over a marker beacon.
Vertical Speed
The vertical speed indication shows on a fixed scale with a pointer. It is to the right of
the barometric altitude indication.
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Heading
Heading and track data show on a partial compass rose at the bottom of the PFD.
ILS Data
ILS data shows when the ILS receiver tunes to a valid frequency. This data includes:
localizer and glide slope deviation
ILS frequency
ILS identifier
DME distance and
Selected runway course.
The identifier and selected runway course show at the upper left corner of the attitude
area. Co-located DME distance shows just below the identifier.
Flight Mode Annunciations
Autopilot and auto throttle flight mode annunciations show at the top of the PFD. The
top lines show auto throttle, AFDS roll, and AFDS pitch active modes in large green
letters. The lower line shows AFDS roll and pitch armed modes in the center and rightareas in small white letters.
AFDS Status
The AFDS status shows at the top center of the attitude area. These annunciations
show for a flight director (F/D) only or an autopilot and F/D engaged:
FLT DIR - F/D only
A/P - autopilot only or autopilot and F/D.
These are the autoland status annunciations:
NO AUTOLAND
>LAND 2