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Electronics
MeritBadge
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ElectronicsMeritBadgeRequirements• Beableto
– Showhowtosolveasimpleprobleminvolvingcurrent,voltageandresistanceusingOhm’sLaw.– Usesymbolsandlabelelectronicpartscorrectly(2a)andtellthepurposeofeachone.– DrawasimpleschemaHcdiagramofacircuit.– Name3typesoftestequipment,whyweneedthemandhowtheyoperate.– Describeelectronicsforacontrolpurpose.Buildacontrolcircuit.– Tellaboutaudiocircuits.– Tellaboutthebasicprinciplesofdigitalelectronics.– Showhowtochangedecimalnumbersintobinarynumbers.
• Buildaproject– DescribethesafetyprecauHonstobuildingandrepairingelectronics.– Showtherightwaytosolderandde-solder(3a)andhowtoavoidheatdamagetoelectronics.– TellaboutthefuncHonofaprintedcircuitboardandprecauHonstotakewhensolderingthem.– ShowhowtoreadtheschemaHcforyourprojectandexplainhowyourcircuitoperates.– Buildanddemonstrateyourproject.
• Findoutaboutcareersinelectronics.Learnaboutthetrainingyouwillneed.
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Electronics• Weuseelectronicstochangetheformofelectricalsignalstodosomething
useful.
• Thefirstuseofelectronicswasfor“wireless”radiobroadcasts.
• ElectroniccircuitschangetheSHAPE,AMPLITUDE(SIZE),FREQUENCY,orPHASEofsignals.
• Electronicsareusedforthecontrolofdevicesandmachines.
• Electroniccircuitscanconvertenergyfromonetypetoanothersuchasprovidingtheelectricalenergytodriveaspeakerwhichconvertselectricalenergytosoundthatyoucanhear.
• ElectronicsareusedtoperformdigitalcalculaHons(processors)andcanstoreinformaHon(memory).
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RadarandAirTrafficControl AutomoHve SatellitesandCommunicaHons
Games
SmartPhones Personal
Computers
Medicine ManufacturingandRoboHcs InternetTelevision
Radio
NavigaHonandTransportaHonPower
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ElectronicsMeritBadgeProject
Thisistheprojectyouwillbuild.Before A_er
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Voltage
• Voltageistheforcethatpusheselectrons.
• Voltageismeasuredin:VOLTS
• TheabbreviaHonforVoltageis:E
• TheschemaHcsymbolforabacery(asourceofDCvoltage)
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Voltage–WaterAnalogy
1. Gravityprovidestheforceforwater(current)toflow.
2. Thisillustratesasmallvoltage,socurrentflowissmall.
3. Youcanincreasewater(current)flowbymakingthepipelarger.
1. Gravityprovidestheforceforwater(current)toflow.
2. Thisillustratesalargervoltage,socurrentflowislarger.
3. Youcanincreasewater(current)flowbymakingthepipelarger.
smallheight=lowpressure=lowvoltage bigheight=highpressure=highvoltage
height
heighthigherpressure
lowerpressure
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Current
Currentistheflowofelectrons
Currentismeasuredin:AMPERESorAMPSTheabbreviaHonforCurrentis:I
+-
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ElectricalCurrentFlow–WaterAnalogy
1. Thewaterflowthroughapipeislikeelectricalcurrentorflowofelectronsinawire.
2. Thevolumeofwaterflowinginapipeisliketheamountofelectricalcurrentflowinginawire.
3. Largepipesallowmorewatertoflowthanasmallpipe.Largewirescancarrymoreelectricalcurrentthansmallwires.
LargePipe SmallPipe
WaterWater
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Resistance
• Resistanceistheelectricalpropertyofamaterialthatopposestheflowofelectrons
• Resistanceismeasuredin:OHMS
• TheabbreviaHonforresistanceis:R
• Theelectricalsymbolforresistanceis:Ω
• TheschemaHcsymbolforaresistoris:
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Resistance–WaterAnalogy
• Smallpipesrestrictorresisttheflowofwater.Waterflowsmoreeasilyinlargerpipes.Thesmallerthepipe,thegreaterresistancetoflow.
• Resistorsopposetheflowofelectricalcurrent.Thebiggertheresistance,themoreitopposedcurrentflow.
• Resistorswithlowvaluesallowelectricalcurrenttoflowmoreeasily.
1Ω
10Ω
100Ω
1,000Ω
10,000Ω
LowResistance
HighResistance
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TypesofElectricityDirectCurrent(DC)CurrentonlyflowsinonedirecHon.Typeofelectricityusedinmostelectronics.Mostcarsusea12VDCbacery.HybridandElectricCarshaveDCbaceries.ExamplesofthingsthatuseDCvoltage:1. Cellphones2. Laptopcomputers3. Tablets4. RemoteControls5. Flashlights6. Toys
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TypesofElectricityAlterna>ngCurrent(AC)Thecommonformofelectricitygeneratedby
PowerPlantsforhomesandindustry.ThedirecHonofACCurrentisreversed60HmespersecondintheUSA;50Hmespersecondinmanyotherpartsoftheworld.FrequencyismeasuredinHertz.
ExamplesofthingsthatuseACVolts:1. Lights2. Stoves&Ovens3. WashingMachines&ClothesDryers4. Refrigerators5. ElectricFans6. AirCondiHoners
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CopperWiresInsulaHon
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ConductorsandInsulatorsConductors• Actasapathforelectronstoflow.• Mostmetalsareconductors.• Metalisusedforelectricalcablesandwires.• Gold,silver,copperandaluminumaregoodconductors
becausetheyhavealotoffreeelectrons.
Insulators• Preventtheflowofelectrons.• PlasHcs,glass,andceramicsaregoodinsulatorsbecausethey
don’thavemanyfreeelectrons.• Insulatorsareusedasthejacketonwiresandcablestoprotect
peoplefromelectricalshockandprevent‘shortcircuits’.
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OhmsLawVolts=CurrentxResistance
E=IxR
EVoltageMeasuredinVoltsI CurrentMeasuredinAmpsR ResistanceMeasuredinOhms
Example:IftheResistancegoesUPbuttheVoltagestaysthesamethentheCurrentgoesDOWN
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E
I R
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OhmsLaw
Power=CurrentxVoltage P=IxE
P PowerMeasuredinWacsI CurrentMeasuredinAmpsEVoltageMeasuredinVoltsExample:IftheCurrentgoesUPbuttheVoltageremainsthesame,thenthePowerusedbythecircuitgoesUP
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P
I E
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Ohm’sLaw
GND
V+
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Part1:CalculatetheCurrentE=9VoltsLampResistanceR=3OhmsI=?AmpsSolveusing:E=IxRsoE/R=I____/_____=______Amps
I
Part2:CalculatePower(Wacs)P=ExI(fromPart1)P=____x____=_____Wacs
Switch
LAMP
Worksheet
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Ohm’sLaw
GND
V+
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Part1:CalculatetheCurrentE=9VoltsLampResistanceR=3OhmsI=?AmpsSolveusing:E=IxRsoE/R=I_9___/_3___=_3___Amps
I
Part2:CalculatePower(Wacs)P=ExI(fromPart1)P=_9__x_3__=_27__Wacs
Switch
LAMP
WorksheetSoluHon
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DrawacircuittousetheswitchtoturnONandOFFthelampANDthebuzzer.
SPST FUSE
BATTERY
BUZZERLAMP
+
-
W
ON OFF
GND=0V
CIRCUITCONNECTIONBOX
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DrawacircuittousetheswitchtoturnONandOFFBOTHthelampANDthebuzzer.SoluHon
SPST FUSE
BATTERY
BUZZERLAMP
+
-
W
ON OFF
GND=0V
CIRCUITCONNECTIONBOX
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CIRCUITCONNECTIONBOXDrawacircuittousetheswitchtoturnONthelampORthebuzzer.
SPST FUSE
BATTERY
BUZZERLAMP
+
-
W
BUZZER LAMP
GND=0V
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DrawacircuittousetheswitchtoturnONthelampORthebuzzer.SoluHon
SPST FUSE
BATTERY
BUZZERLAMP
+
-
W
BUZZER LAMP
GND=0V
CIRCUITCONNECTIONBOX
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ReviewTypesofElectricityDirectCurrent–DCElectricalcurrentflowsinonlyONEdirecHon.DCpowerissuppliedbybaceries.
Hme
+Volts
-Volts
0
AlternaHngCurrent–ACElectricalcurrentflowsalternatelyintwodirecHons-posiHveandthennegaHve.ThefrequencyismeasuredinHERTZ.ACpowerissuppliedbytheelectricaloutletsinyourhome.
Hme
+Volts
0
-Volts
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ReviewVoltageistheforcethatcauseselectrons(electricalcurrent)toflow.MeasuredinVOLTSthesymbolisECurrentistheflowofelectrons.MeasuredinAmperes(AMPS)thesymbolisIResistanceisthepropertythatopposestheflowofelectrons.MeasuredinOHMS(Ω)thesymbolisRConductorsactasapathforelectronstoflow.Metalsareconductors.Copperisusedforelectricalcables.Insulatorspreventtheflowofelectrons.PlasHcs,glass,ceramics,rubberaregoodinsulators.Usedforjacketsonwiresandcablestoprotectpeopleandprevent‘shortcircuits’.
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Review
OhmsLawVoltage=CurrentxResistance
E=IxRPower=CurrentxVoltage
P=IxE PowerismeasuredinWATTS
25
E
I R
P
I E
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Ohm’sLawWorksheetFlashlightExample
Review
Bacery12Volts
I=1/2Amp=0.5AV=12VoltsResistanceofLightBulbE=IxRR=VIR=12V=24Ohms0.5AWacageofLightbulbPowerinWacs=CurrentxVoltageP=IxEP=0.5Ax12V=6WacsThelampisa6WaQlightbulb.
Lightbulb
Switch0.5Amps
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ElectronicSymbolExamples
Switch
Bacery
Resistor
LightEmiwngDiode(LED)Buzzer
Fuse
Lamp
or Capacitor
Ground
WNCNO
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Transistor
Inductor
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ElectronicTermsManyelectronicunitsaremustbemulHpliedordividedbypowersof10tobeeasilyused.ExamplesareKilobytesandMicrofarads.ThesearethecommonmulHpliersusedinelectronicsandtheirmeanings:
Kilo–1Thousand1,000or1x10+3Mega–1Million1,000,000or1x10+6Giga-1Billion1,000,000,000or1x10+9Tera–1Trillion1,000,000,000,000or1x10+12Milli–OneThousandth1/1,000or0.001or1x10-3Micro-OneMillionth1/1,000,000or0.000001or1x10-6Nano-OneBillionthor1x10-9Pico-Onetrillionthor1x10-12
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ElectronicComponentsResistor–Thevoltageacrossaresistordependsontheflowofcurrentthroughit.ResistanceismeasuredinOHMS.TheabbreviaHonforresistanceis:RTheelectricalsymbolforresistanceis:ΩTheschemaHcsymbolforaresistoris:
ResistorsinParallelDividetheCurrent
I
ResistorsinSeriesAddTogether
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Resistor Color Code
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0=Black1=Brown2=Red3=Orange4=Yellow5=Green6=Blue7=Violet8=Gray9=White
1stcolorband=1stdigit2ndcolorband=2nddigit3rdcolorband=10xmulHplier(numberofzeroes)4thcolorband=tolerance(accuracy)
Example1: Example2:1st=Red=2 1st=Green=52nd=Black=0 2nd=Blue=63rd=Brown=x10 3rd=Orange=3=x100020x10=200Ω 56x1,000=56,000Ω =56KΩ
200Ω, Red, Black, Brown 56KΩ Green, Blue, Orange
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ElectronicComponentsCapacitor–Usedtostoreanelectricalcharge.TheelectricalsizeofacapacitorisChargedividedbyVolts.Capacitorsareusedtofilterelectricalsignalsandtuneradiocircuitstodesiredfrequency.CapacitanceismeasuredinFARADSTheabbreviaHonforcapacitanceis:F
TheschemaHcsymbolforacapacitoris:
+
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ElectronicComponentsInductor(Coil)–ThevoltageacrossaninductorisproporHonaltohowquicklythecurrentflowischanging.Inductorsareusedtotunearadiocircuittoadesiredfrequencyorcanfilterelectricalsignals.Inductanceismeasuredin:HENRIESTheabbreviaHonforinductanceis:LTheschemaHcsymbolforaninductoris:
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SemiconductorsSemiconductorsareabletoconducttheflowofelectronsmoreeasilythaninsulatorsbutnotaseasilyasmetalsandonlyundercertaincondiHons.ThemostcommonsemiconductorsaremadeofSiliconandGermanium.Diodes,TransistorsandIntegratedCircuitsareallsemiconductors.
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• Diodesaresemiconductorsthatareabletoconducttheflowofelectrons inonedirecHonandblockcurrentflowintheoppositedirecHon.
• Diodes are like a “one-way” valve for electron current flow.Diodes consist of twoprocessedmaterials calledP-typeandN-typesemiconductors.Theyareindirectcontact,formingaregioncalledtheP-NjuncHon.
• ThemostcommondiodesaremadeofSiliconorGermanium.
Diodes
+
Anode CathodeP N+ -
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LightEmiwngDiodes(LEDs)• LEDsemitsvisiblelightwhenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughit.
LEDhaveatransparentcasethatletsvisibleorInfraredlightout.LEDshavealargePN-juncHonareawhoseshapeismadetofittheapplicaHon.
• BenefitsofLEDsincludelowpower,highefficiencyandlonglife.
• TypicalapplicaHonsincludeindicatorandpanellights,CDandDVDplayers,LCDflat-paneldisplays,opto-isolators,fiberopHcdatatransmission,andremotecontrols.
+ Anode CathodeP N+ -
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The Transistor Inventedin1947atBellLaboratories.TransistorsrevoluHonizedelectronics.Transistorscanbeswitchesoramplifiers.Transistorsareusedinalldigitallogic(computer)chips.Transistorsareusedinalmosteveryelectronicscircuit!
TheMeritBadgepatchisthesymbolforthe
transistor
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Transistors
TransistorasaSwitchLoadsuchasalamp
InputControlSignaltoturnTransistor“ON”and“OFF”
+
TransistorasanAmplifier
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IntegratedCircuitsIntegratedCircuitsorIC’scalledChips,havethousandstomanymillionsoftransistors,anddiodesonasinglesemiconductorsubstrate.OperaHonalAmplifiersOPAMPSwerethefirstIC’smade.In1971,thefirstgeneraHonIntelmicroprocessorhad2,300transistorsandranat740KHz.Thelatestfourth-genIntelCoreprocessorhas1.7billiontransistorsandrunsat3GHz..
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ElectronicsTestEquipment
Volt/Ohm/AmpMeterUsuallyreferredtoasamulH-meter.WiththiswecanmeasurecurrentA,voltageVandresistanceR.
OscilloscopeUsuallyreferredtoasaScopeorO-ScopeWiththiswecan‘see’voltagewaveforms.Thisisveryusefulwhenvoltageischanging,asameterisnogoodtouswhenthisishappening.
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ElectronicsTestEquipmentSignalGenerators
Signalgeneratorsareusedtoinjectthepropertypeofelectricalsignalatvariouspointsinacircuit.SignalgeneratorsareusedtotroubleshootproblemsandaligncommunicaHonscircuits.Manyoftoday’ssignalgeneratorscanbeconnectedtoaPCsothatthediagnosHcscanbeperformedwiththehelpofthecomputer.
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AnalogandDigitalSignalsAnalog–Amplitude,phase,frequencyvarywithHmeo_eninproporHontoaninputsignallikefromamicrophone.
Digitalsignalsusetwovoltagelevelstorepresent1’sand0’stoperformlogicandmathfuncHons.WhenananalogsignalsisconvertedtoaDigitalSignal,it’samplitudeisreplacedwithadigital“number”.
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Radio
Modulator Demodulator
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FMRadioTransmicer
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RadioReceiver
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DigitalElectronicsComputersusedigitalelectronics.Computersequatevoltageswithlogicalvalues.ThisishowelectroniccomputercircuitscanbemadetodocounHngandother‘math’funcHons.5volts=logical1and0volts(ground)=logical0ComputersuseTransistorstoactaslogicalswitchestodocounHng.
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DigitalElectronicsABITisthebasicunitofDATAincompuHnganddigitalelectronics.ABYTEis8BITSlong.WORDsaremadeofBytes-2,4or8BYTESlong.Kilobyte(Kb)is1,024Bytes(1Thousand)Megabyteis1,048,576Bytes(1Million)Gigabyteis1,073,741,824Bytes(1Billion)
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Decimal–Base10• Inbase10,thereare10uniquedigits01234...9
• Eachnumberrepresentsavalue10Hmeslargerthanthenumbertotheright.
• TherearenumbersrepresenHngthe1’s,10’s,100’s,1000’setc.
• Example
47
123
3-1’s2-10’s1–100’s
OneHundredTwentyThree
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• It’shardtocountwithdigitallogicinBase10.
• Inbase2(binary)thereareonlytwonumbers:0and1
• Eachdigitrepresentsavalue2Hmeslargerthanthenumbertotheright.
• TherearenumbersrepresenHng1’s,2’s,4’s,8’s,16’s,32’s,64’s128s,etc
• Example
Binary–Base2
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1011
1–8’s 0–4’s 1–2’s 1-1’s
1x8+0x4+1x2+1x1=11Base10
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base10number 16 8 4 2 1 Binary
0 0 0 0 0 0 000001 0 0 0 0 1 000012 0 0 0 1 0 000103 0 0 0 1 1 000114 0 0 1 0 0 001005 0 0 1 0 1 001016 0 0 1 1 0 001107 0 0 1 1 1 001118 0 1 0 0 0 010009 0 1 0 0 1 0100110 0 1 0 1 0 0101011 0 1 0 1 1 0101112 0 1 1 0 0 0110013 0 1 1 0 1 0110114 0 1 1 1 0 0111015 0 1 1 1 1 0111116 1 0 0 0 0 10000
CounHngto16inBinary
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DecimaltoBinaryWorksheet
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Decimal Binary
8 4 2 1
1 0 1 010 = 8+2=10
0 0 1 1____ =
0 1 0 1____ =
__ __ __ __6 =
__ __ __ __9 =
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DecimaltoBinaryWorksheet
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Decimal Binary
8 4 2 1
1 0 1 010 = 8+2=10
0 0 1 13 =
0 1 0 15 =
__ _1_ _1_ __6 =
_1_ __ __ 19 =
SoluHon
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FLIP-FLOP A flip-flop divides a clock signal by 2. It takes 2 clock transitions to make the output change once. The clock signal is at 0 volts (logical 0). The clock signal switches to 5 volts (logical 1). The clock signal switches back to 0 volts. Then the output (Q) changes state. on each 1 to 0 transition of the clock.
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+ 5 V
DigitalLogic
Clock
Q Output 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 V
Time
0
Clock
Q
Flip-Flop Input
Output
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ACounterUsingFlip-Flops
Clk Q1
Binary Decimal0000 00001 10010 20011 30100 40101 50110 6Bit4 Bit3 Bit2 Bit1
4 Bit Binary Counter
Clk Q2
Clk Q3
Clk Q4
Flip Flop Flip Flop Flip Flop Flip Flop
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1 0 0
Input
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DigitalCounHng
1 0
0 1 1 0 0
0
0 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1
Q2
Q1
Q3
Q4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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ElectricitySafety• Voltageat120VACorgreater–Safetymainlyaboutnottouching
thewrongthing.
• Currentkills–Only60voltscankillwhencurrentflowsthroughheartorheadforasufficientlengthofHme.
• VentricularfibrillaHon-CurrentpassingthroughheartcausesknocksheartoutofsynchronizaHon.
• Iftheshockdoesn’tkillyou,youcansHllbebadlyburnedfromtouchingthewrongthing.
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ElectronicsSafety• Electronicsgenerallyuseslowervoltages(lessthan30volts).Youareusually
workingwithDCbaceryvoltageinsteadofAClinevoltage.
• YouareusuallymoreconcernedwithsparksfromconnecHngwrongwirestogetherorburningyourselfwithasolderingiron.
• Evenwhenworkingwithlowervoltages,youmaysHllreceiveanelectricalshockfromequipmentyouareusing,especiallywhentheyarepluggedintoa120voltACoutlet.
• Capacitorsstorechargeandcanshockorburnyou.Dischargepowersupplycapacitorsorhighvoltagecapacitorswitharesistorbeforeworkingonanycircuit.Observethe“one-hand”ruleifreachingintoanelectronicscabinet..
• Donotwearjewelrylikeringsorwatcheswhenworkinginelectroniccabinets.
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ElectronicsSafety• THINKbeforeyoudosomething.Ask:Isthepoweron?Besuretheelectricityis
turnedOFFespeciallywhenworkingon120VACorhigher.
• BeconcernedwithSparksfromconnecHngwrongwirestogetherbutevenwhenworkingwithlowvoltagesyoucansHllgetanelectricalshockorburn.SparksandShortCircuitscanstartaFire.
• NEVERputWATERonanElectricalFire!UseaClassCFireExHnguisher
• SolderingIronsareHOT–morethan374degreesF–theywillburnyouorstartafire!
• ALWAYSWearsafetyglasseswhensolderingHotSoldercansplacer.Clippedwirescangoflying.Protectyoureyes!
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SolderingSafetyNote:ASolderingIrongetshoCerthan374F.
Donottouchthesolderingiron’smetalpartsoryouwillreceiveathirddegreeburn.Wearsafetyglasseswhensoldering.
Agoodsolderjointdependsonthefollowing:
1) Solderironmusthaveaclean,well-HnnedHp.TintheHpbywipingtheheatedHponthesponge,andthenapplyingfreshsoldertotheHp.ThiswillallowforabecerheattransferfromtheHptothePCboard.
2)Partstobesolderedmustbeclean.3)Theremustbeasoundmechanicaljoint.4)Partstobesolderedmustbewellheatedbeforeapplyingsolder.5)Waitapprox.5secondsa_ersolderingtoallowstrongmechanicaljointtoform.
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Soldermeltsat374F.SothewireandPCboardmustbethesametemperatureforthesoldertomeltonbothitems.PlacesolderingironsothatittouchesboththePCboardandwire.TheheatfromthesolderingironwilltransfertothePCboardandwireatthesameHme.
SolderingIron
Wire
PC Board
Iron
Wire
PC Board
Iron
Wire
PC Board
Wrong way Right
way
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Whentheboardandwirearehotenough,thesolderwillflowandcreateaconeshape.Iftheboardisnothotenoughthesolderwillberoundedontheboard,creaHngsomewhatofaball.Thefinishedsolderjointshouldalsobeshiny.
Wire
PCBoard
A_er3secondsplacethesolderontheHpoftheiron,thewire,andthePCboardalltogether.ThesoldershouldflowtoeverythingmakingagoodconnecHon.
WireIron
Solder PCBoard
WireIron
Solder PCBoard
Rightway
Wrongway
Soldering
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Un-Soldering1. Useplierstoholdthebodyofthecomponenttoberemoved.If
theleadisheldwiththepliersitwilldrawheatfromthelead,andyoumaydamagethepartandpossiblytheboard.
2. ApplysolderingironHptoprintedcircuitboardandthecomponentlead.Itiscommontoaddaliclefreshsoldertotheleadandboard,toimproveheattransfer.
3. Usingthepliers,simplypullthecomponentleadfromPCboardwhileholdingthesolderingirononthelead.
4. ThesolderingIronwilldamageelectroniccomponentsifle_ondeviceforgreaterthan15seconds,soworkquickly.
5. CleansolderingironHpandkeepitshiny.
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WireIron
PCBoard
Iron
Pliers
Withpliers,holdthebodyoftheparttobeunsoldered.Asheatisapplied,pulltheleadfromtheboardbypullingonthebody.Repeatforsecondlead.
Un-Soldering
PCBoard
Unsolderonecomponentfromtheboard.
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MicroprocessorControlledCounterThe kit contains a microprocessor that will light 12 LEDs in a diminishingpacern.TheLEDscanbedisplayedinseveraldifferentmodes,thougheachmodestartsasafastpacernandslowstoastop.
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MicroprocessorControlledCounterSchemaHc
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MicroprocessorControlledCounterSchemaHcDrawtheSchemaHc/Connectthelines
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PCBoard
LEDNoteflatedgeShortleadisclosesttoflatedge.
+Red
Black
SolderingKit1. PlacecomponentsintoPCboardintheorderrecommendedon
instrucHonsheet2. Bendleadsoutslightlytokeeppartsinplace.3. FollowinstrucHonsastoproperorientaHonofcomponents.
ClipwireatboardWrongCorrect
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BaQery
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Thekitcontains:1. PCboard2. 1Microprocessor–AtmelATTINY861-20PU(U1)3. 5resistorsR1-R4=200Ω,R5=56KΩ4. 1CapacitorC1=.01uf5. 12LED’s6. 2pushbuconsS1&S27. 1slideswitchS38. 1baceryholder9. 1boxwith2screws
MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit
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AssemblySequence
1. PlaceU1onboard.Notepin1orientaHon.Soldercomponentintoplace.2. Placeresistorsinboard,bendleadsoutandsolder,thencutleads.3. PlaceallLEDsinboard,bendleadsoutandsolder,thencutleads.4. Placecapacitorinboard,bendleadsoutandsolder,thencutleads.5. PlaceSwitchS1,S2&S3inboardandsolder.6. PlaceRedandBlackbacerywiresfromthebackoftheboardandsolder.7. PlacebaceryinboxandcoverwithPCboard8. UsetwoscrewstosecurethePCboardtobox.
MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit
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MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit
Solder20-pinDIP(Microprocessor)inU1locaHon.OrientU1sothatpin1isonthele_.
Pin1 U1 Note:Youwillneedtobendallleadsoneachsidetobemoreperpendiculartobodyofthecomponent,beforeinserHngtheleadsintheboard.
InsertU1intoproperposiHonontheboard.Leadsshouldcomeoutthebocomoftheboard.
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PlacecapacitoratC1.OrientaHonofcapacitordoesnotmacer.Bendleadsout.Solderleads.Carefullyclipleadswhendone.
C1=.01uf
MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit
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PlaceSwitchesS1,S2andS3intheirappropriateposiHonsandsolder.MakesureS3(slideswitch)isverHcal,beforesolderingalltheleads.
MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit
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Placeresistorsontoboard.DirecHonofresistordoesnotmacer.Checktobesureresistorsareplacedcorrectly.Bendleadsout.Soldereachlead.Carefullyclipleadswhendone.
PCBoard
R5=56KΩ
PCBoard
R1,R2,R3,R4=200Ω
MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit
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R1-R4 200Ω,(red,black,brown)R5 56KΩ,(green,blue,orange)
Clipwhensoldered
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PlaceLED’sonPCboard,flatsideofLED’sfacingright,bendleadsout,thensolderleads.A_ersoldering,cutleadsclosetoboard.Thereare12ofthese.Hint:Solderonly1leadofeachLED.Placesolderirononsolderedlead,melHngsolder,andthenpressLEDflushtotheboard.Thensoldertheotherlead.
LEDNote:FlatEdge
ShorterLead
Cutwhensoldered
WhensolderingLED’s,donotleavethesolderirononpadsformorethan5seconds,oryouwilldestroythepad.
LEDagainstboard
MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit
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+Red
Black
Fromthebocomoftheboard,inserttheredbaceryholderleadintothe+hole.Inserttheblackleadintotheotherhole.Fromthetopoftheboard,solderbothbaceryleads.Inspectboardforgoodsolderjointsandfornosoldershorts.
MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit
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Inspectboardforgoodsolderjointsandfornosoldershorts.Makesureresistorsareintherightplace.MakesuretheLEDsarenotinbackwards.Insertthebaceriesintothebaceryholder.Besuretogetthepolarity+and-correct.SlideS3toON.PushS1torun.PushS2fordifferentprogrammodes.Ifthekitdoesnotwork,haveaninstructorhelpyoucheckitforproblems.
MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit
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CompletedKit
Box
Filler
Placethebaceryholderinthebox.Placefoamorwadofpaperfillerontopofthebacery.Placetheboardontothetopofthebox,andusingthe2screws,securetheboardtothebox.Placethescrewsinoppositecorners.
Screw
Screw
9vBacery
Screws
MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit
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CareersinElectronics• IntegratedCircuitDesign
• RadioCommunicaHonsCircuits
• Computers
• Satellites/Space
• ComputerNetworksandDataCommunicaHons
• PowerElectronicsforVehicles(HybridandElectricCars)
• MilitaryWeaponSystems
• AerospaceandAvionics
• IndustrialControls
• MedicalEquipment
• InstrumentaHonandSensors
• TestandMeasurement
• ComponentDesign
• VehicleControls
• EntertainmentElectronics
• CellularPhoneDesign
• NavigaHonandGuidanceSystems
• RoboHcs
• Manufacturing–FactoryFloorAutomaHon
• LighHng(LED)anddisplaytechnologies
• PowerDistribuHonControls–SmartGrid
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CareersinElectronics• InHighSchool
• MathClasses-Geometry,Trigonometry,Calculus• ScienceClasses–ChemistryandPhysics• TechEdClasses
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