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The Elements and Principles of
Art
The elements and principles can be applied to
discuss any of the visual arts including:
painting, photography, set design, graphic
design, sculpture, and architecture.
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Elements Colour
Line
Shape
Form
Space
Texture
Value/Tone
The elements are the
building blocks of art and
what the artist uses to
create the artwork.
Elements are also what
the critic uses to talk
about the work.
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COLOUR
• If an artist chooses to use all shades of
one color from dark to light, the work is
MONOCHROMATIC.
• If the artist chooses a variety of hues,
the work is POLYCHROMATIC.
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Primary Colours
Primary colors are the only colours that cannot be made
by mixing two other colours together.
Yellow + Red = ?
Red + Blue = ?
Blue + Yellow = ?
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Artist: Piet Mondrian
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Secondary Colors Mixing primary colours will create secondary colours
Yellow
Blue
Green
Orange
Red Purple
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Tertiary Colors Mixing secondary colors will create tertiary
colours
Yellow-Orange
Red-Orange
Violet Indigo
Blue-Green
Lime Green
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What are complementary colors?
Complimentary colors are directly across from each other on the color wheel.
Yellow and Purple
Red and Green Blue and Orange
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Complementary Colours
• Complementary colours are
opposite one another on
the colour wheel, they
create contrast.
• They have the most visual
impact if there is a lot of
one colour and a little of
the other colour
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What are analogous colors? Adjacent hues, colors that are right beside each other on the wheel.
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Cool and Warm Colours
• Cool Colors
– Blues
– Greens
– Purples
• Warm Colors
– Reds
– Oranges
– Yellows
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To the eye… -Warm colours come forward
-Cool colours recede (go backwards)
Warm and Cool Colours
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Limited Colour Palette
• is when a small number of colours are used
• Creates unity in the work
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Where in these works by Van Gogh
can you see the following use of colour?
- Warm and Cool Colours
- Complementary Colours
- Limited Colour Palette
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LINE a mark on a surface
Vertic
al
Horizontal
Curvilinear
Types of Lines
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A diagonal line can imply movement.
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A vertical line can imply strength and growth
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A horizontal line can imply stability and rest
A curved line can imply grace
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-Geometric shapes are ‘man-made’ or machine made
shapes, mathematically deduced, with clear sharp
edges.
-Organic shapes are natural, free flowing shapes
SHAPE 2-dimensional line with no form or thickness
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Speaking of shapes…
• One can refer to the shapes in
relationship to each other by using terms
like: adjacent and juxtaposed.
• A d j a c e n t shapes are right
beside each other.
• Shapes that are juxtaposed are
overlapping or interconnected.
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-What shapes can you see in this art work?
-Where can you see adjacent shapes?
-Where can you see shapes that have been juxtaposed?
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FORM A 3-dimensional object. It can be both the illusion of a 3-D effect that can be implied with the use
of light and shading techniques
or it can be real 3-D form with a sculpture or textured painting.
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SPACE Making art is a process of organizing and arranging space
Space refers to the area between, around, above, below,
or within objects
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Open and Closed Space In a painting, if subject matter is both in the frame and leaving the
frame, the space is open.
If the viewer’s eyes are kept in the center of the canvas and all the
subject matter and elements are within the edges of the frame, the
artist has composed a closed space.
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-The positive space is the
material
- The negative space is the
absence of material.
Positive and Negative Space
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What is the POSITIVE space?
What is the NEGATIVE space?
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Illusion of Space As painting, printmaking and photography is created on a
flat surface. Any depth (3 Dimensionality) in space is
usually an illusion (it does not really exist).
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• To create the illusion of space artists use…
• Perspective- created by using lines that recede (go back) to a vanishing point
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• Foreground, Middleground and Background
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TASK:
1) What do you see in the
-Foreground
-Middleground
-Background
2) Using s_________ by creating a
fore, middle and background and
/ or using perspective space
creates d_ _ t _ in a composition
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TEXTURE Texture refers to what the surface feels like as well as
the representation of texture.
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The smooth texture of skin in this close up of
a marble sculpture by Bernini is remarkable.
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• Texture can be both REAL and IMPLIED
REAL TEXTURE IMPLIED TEXTURE
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VALUE/TONE Value is the lightness and darkness in a work of
art present in colours or black and whites.
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Tint and Shade
Tint means to add white to make the color lighter.
tint
shade
Shade means to add black to make the color darker.
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Principles Movement
Emphasis
Unity
Variety
Balance
Contrast
Proportion
Pattern
Principles are the
effects that can be
created by how the
elements are placed in
an artwork.
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MOVEMENT Is caused by using elements
to give the feeling of action
and
to guide the viewer's eyes
throughout the artwork.
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EMPHASIS -The emphasis of an
image is the place
where your eyes are
drawn to first.
-Usually this focal point
will contrast with
nearby elements so
that it stands out.
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Where is the
emphasis in this
painting?
Why does this area
stand out?
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Does this painting have a focal point?
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RULE OF THIRDS
If the focal point is on the rule of thirds it:
• works with the eyes natural tendency to look
at the intersections of the thirds
• allows you to create balance in your
composition as there is room to have a
another point of emphasis somewhere else in
your composition.
• keeps the viewer’s eye on the composition
longer as the eye is being led around the
image to the next focal point.
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UNITY -Unity brings a composition together by using
elements in a similar way
How has unity been created in the following
works?
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VARIETY Creates interest by using elements in a range of ways.
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Unbalanced
composition
BALANCE When elements are arranged so that
no one part of a work overpowers, or
seems heavier than any other part.
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Symmetrical Balance Is where the image can be folded in half and both
sides would match up
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Asymmetrical balance A range of differing elements are placed in the frame
unevenly but equal weight or interest is present on
both sides of the composition .
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CONTRAST Occurs when there is a large difference in the
way an element is used.
-High contrast refers to a great difference
between elements.
-Low contrast refers to a slight difference
between elements.
Very dark tone
Very light tone
High contrast image Low contrast image
A small range of tones
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Chiaroscuro (,
Italian: "light-dark") in art is "an
Italian term which literally means
'light-dark'. In paintings and
photography the description refers to
clear tonal contrasts which are often
used to suggest the volume and
modelling of the subjects depicted".1
Further specialized uses include
chiaroscuro woodcut, for coloured
woodcuts printed with different
blocks, each using a different coloured
ink; and chiaroscuro drawing for
drawings on coloured paper with
drawing in a dark medium and white
highlighting. Similar effects in the
lighting of cinema and photography are
also chiaroscuro.
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PROPORTION Is the relationship created by the different
sizes of elements in a composition.
Proportions are often
normal and expected.
They can also be
exaggerated and distorted.
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PATTERN
There is visual effect in pattern and emphasis
created in the variation on that pattern.
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Where does your eye go first?
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Andreas Gursky b1955
Bahrain I 2005
Colour photograph on paper
face-mounted on Perspex
2800 x 1975 mm
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This image depicts the Formula 1 racetrack in Bahrain as seen
from a helicopter. Andreas Gursky works with a medium-format
camera, taking pictures which he then scans into a computer
where he can manipulate them. His aim in using digital
technology is not to create fictions, but rather to heighten the
image of something that exists in the world. Unlike some of
Gursky’s more elaborately composed images, this photograph is
a minimally manipulated shot of the racetrack spiralling through
the desert. The human figure, represented by the race cars visible
on the track, is dwarfed by the man-made landscape. The image
draws attention to the speed of process and the might of
technology. Bahrain I also represents a tendency in Gursky’s work
towards abstraction; the sinuous lines of the racetrack in this
image evoke gestural abstract painting.