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Elements of StoryElements of StoryReview NotesReview Notes
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Plot All the events in a story – from beginning to end
1. Exposition
2. Rising Action/ Complications
3. Climax
4. Falling Action
5. Resolution
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ConflictA struggle or clash between forces There are five basic types:
Person vs. PersonPerson vs. NaturePerson vs. FatePerson vs. SocietyPerson vs. Self
External Conflict: Conflict dealing with outside forces
Internal Conflict: A struggle within a character
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1. Exposition The beginning part of the story Characters, setting, and basic
situation are learned
Setting The time and place of the story Details like location, weather, time of
day, time period, etc.
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2. Rising Action/ Complications
All of the events of the story leading up to the climax.
Complications refer to the series of successes and set-backs the character often experiences throughout the story.
Rising Action includes the conflict.
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3. Climax The most intense or exciting
part of the story The main conflict is addressed
4. Falling Action All of the events following the
climax Usually quickly leads to the end
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5. Resolution The ending of the story All plot events may be wrapped
up or the story may leave the reader wondering
1. Exposition
2. Rising Action/ Complications
3. Climax
4. Falling Action
5. Resolution
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Characters: The players in the story• Protagonist
The “main” character of the story, usually the “good” character.
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• Antagonist The character or force working
against the protagonist, usually the “bad” character or force.
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CharactersStatic Characters that do NOT change over the course of a textFlat One-dimensional or one-sided characters
Dynamic Characters who change over the course of a text
Round Multi -dimensional or many-sided characters
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Characterization Author’s process of revealing
character’s personality through description
Two Types:- Direct Characterization- Indirect Characterization
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Direct Characterization The author explicitly tells the
reader what the character’s personality is like.
“Jenna is a caring young woman who always looks out for her friends.”
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Indirect Characterization The reader must use clues to
figure out the character’s personality traits.
Authors often describe- What the character says- What the character does- What others think/feel about
the character
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Point of View Vantage point from which the story is
told Usually an author will create one or more narrators to tell the story
Three types of POV: First Person Third Person Limited Third Person Omniscient
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First Person POV The narrator is a character in the
story I, me, my, we, us, etc.
Third Person Limited POV Narrator outside the story Focuses on one or two character’s
thoughts and feelings
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Third Person Omniscient POV “All-knowing” narrator describes
the thoughts and feelings of all or many characters
Things to Consider About POV Is the narrator trustworthy? Is the narrator biased? Does the narrator know all sides
of the story?
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Theme Universal idea or message that
can be gleaned from story Many possible themes in a text
Must be a statement, not a single word.
Rather, the theme is a statement about love.
Theme can’t be “love.”
“Love conquers all.”
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Tone An impression about how the AUTHOR feels toward the characters or situations Closely related to the author’s word choice and descriptions
“If a girl looks swell when she meets you, who gives a damn if she’s late? Nobody.”
Mood The feelings evoked by the
story for the READER Closely related to SETTING
“It was a dark and stormy night…”
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Foreshadowing Clues or hints that suggest later
events in the story
Flashback The story jumps back in time to an
earlier event or a time before the story
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IronyIrony A figure of speech where words may mean something than their actual meaning or an outcome could be opposite what was expected. In short, Irony is the difference between the appearance and the reality.
Three types:- Dramatic- Situational- Verbal
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IronyIrony- Dramatic Irony
The audience knows something the character does not
- Situational Irony
The outcome is opposite of what was expected
- Verbal Irony
What is being said is the opposite of what is meant
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Inference An educated guess the READER
can make using evidence from the story.
EvidenceJames always helps old ladies cross the street.
InferenceJames is kind and respectful of his elders.