Emergence of Genocide in Africa

Karana OlivierM.A. Anthropology, NYU

M.A. Intl Peace Studies, ND

Genocide

International Convention

for the Prevention of Genocide 1948

Article 1

The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide […] is a crime […] they undertake to prevent and to punish.

GenocideArticle 2

Genocide means any of the following acts committed with INTENT to DESTROY, in whole or in part,

a NATIONAL, ETHNICAL, RACIAL, `OR RELIGIOUS GROUP, AS SUCH:

• (a) Killing; • (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm; • (c) Deliberately inflicting living conditions calculated to

bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; • (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births; • (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another

group.

Genocide

Article 2

Genocide means any of the following acts

• INTENT

• DESTROY,

• NATIONAL, ETHNICAL, RACIAL, OR RELIGIOUS GROUP,

• AS SUCH:

Genocide

Article 3The following acts shall be punishable:• (a) Genocide; • (b) Conspiracy to commit genocide; • (c) Direct and public incitement to commit

genocide; • (d) Attempt to commit genocide; • (e) Complicity in genocide.

Genocide

Article 4

Persons committing […] the acts enumerated in Article 3

shall be punished whether they are rulers, public officials or private individuals.

COLD WAR

COLD WAR LEADERS

SUDAN’S RED SOUTHIsraeli and Soviet support

RWANDA

Genocide Images

History of Hierarchy & Colonialism

• Rwanda and Burundi has a class system based on patronage. A hierarchy and vertical mobility.

• Belgians misinterpret this hierarchy as fixed and decide to favor one particular group.

COLONIAL PERIOD

GERMANY BELGIUM

Ethnicity and Politics in Rwanda

KAYIBANDA 1962-73

RWANDA

Important dates1956-62 Parmehutu, independence1971 Hutu Massacre in Burundi

HABYARIMANA 1973-94

RWANDA

Important date1990 Tutsi-dominated RPF invades Rwanda1993 UNAMIR monitors peace agreement.

KAGAME

ANNAN, DALLAIRE, UNAMIR

RWANDA

Important dates1990 Tutsi-dominated RPF invades RwandaApril-July 1994 GenocideJune – August 1994 Operation turquoiseNovember 1994 Creation of ICTR

BIZIMUNGU 1994-2000

KAGAME

DARFUR

IMAGES OF CRISIS

ROUGH NEIGHBORHOOD

DARFUR

Important dates 1980s Drought 2003 Rebellion 2005 CPA 2006 DPA

DROUGHT

NORTH SOUTH WAR

SLA Abdul Wahid

SLA MINI MINAWI

Justice Equality Movement

Arab-African relations

Changing face of Darfur

What comes next?

• How would we treat past aggressions?

• Remember or Forget?

• Universal Jurisdiction

• Truth Commissions.

• ICC

• Traditional methods - Gacaca

QUESTIONS?