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Emile DurkheimEmile Durkheim (1858-1917)(1858-1917)
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Personal InformationPersonal Information Born April 1858
Jewish section of Epinal, France
Family: Close-knit
Not wealthy but respected Hey Hey DurkheimHey Hey Durkheim
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgA41FMY0oQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgA41FMY0oQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxVImdGYu3Ihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxVImdGYu3I FunctionalismFunctionalism
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Personal InformationPersonal Information 1887 first faculty appointment1887 first faculty appointment
1st Sociology course
Chair: Dept. of Social Sciences . of Social Sciences 1896-1902 (University of Bordeaux)1896-1902 (University of Bordeaux)
Married, 2 children , 2 children (Son, Andre died in WWI)(Son, Andre died in WWI)
Died at at 5959
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Social EnvironmentSocial Environment Rapid industrializationRapid industrialization
Conflict: Workers and Owners
Paris Commune (1871) Workers seized Paris
Established egalitarian republic
Government destroyed commune
Killed 20,000 working-class people
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Social Environment: FranceSocial Environment: France
History of Political Instability Monarchy of Louis XVI
French Revolution (1789)
Dictatorship of Napoleon I (1799-1815)
Restoration of Bourbon monarchy
Bourbons overthrown (1830)
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Louis XVI & Marie Louis XVI & Marie AntoinetteAntoinette
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Napoleon INapoleon I
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History of Political Instability
Monarchy of Louis Philippe
Revolution ended monarchy (1848)
2nd Republic (1848-1852)
Emperor Napoleon III (1852-1870) Nephew of Napoleon I
Deposed after defeat in Franco-Prussian War
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Louis PhilippeLouis Philippe
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Napoleon IIINapoleon III(Nephew of Napoleon I)(Nephew of Napoleon I)
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History of Political Instability
Durkheim lived in 3rd Republic People had lost moral unity
Remnants of previous governments
People supported:DemocracyMonarchySocialism
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Durkheim’s 3 Basic Durkheim’s 3 Basic ConcernsConcerns
1) Instability1) Instability EconomicEconomic PoliticalPolitical
2) Violence2) Violence Workers & employersWorkers & employers Between nationsBetween nations Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism
3) Decadence3) Decadence Self-centeredSelf-centered No sense of communityNo sense of community
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Sociology the SolutionSociology the Solution Purpose of SociologyPurpose of Sociology=Explain =Explain
how to make modern society how to make modern society workwork
Develop positivist lawsDevelop positivist laws
Solve problemsSolve problems
Address moral crisesAddress moral crises
Create stabilityCreate stability
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MoralityMorality Morality composed of three
elements:
1. Discipline (Constrains egoistic impulses)
2. Attachment (Voluntarily join groups)
3. Autonomy (Individual responsibility)
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Sources of MoralitySources of Morality
Education Provides children with moral
tools
Occupational associations Adults acquire morals
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Intellectual InfluencesIntellectual Influences KantKant
Morality without divinity Morality without divinity Sense of dutySense of duty
Saint-SimonSaint-Simon Sociology->Moral lawsSociology->Moral laws Hold society togetherHold society together
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Intellectual InfluencesIntellectual Influences
ComteComte Focus: Social stability & Focus: Social stability & changechange
SpencerSpencer Social evolutionSocial evolution
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IdeasIdeas Social SolidaritySocial SolidarityDynamic DensityDynamic DensitySocial FactsSocial FactsCollective ConsciousnessCollective ConsciousnessCollective RepresentationsCollective RepresentationsSocial CurrentsSocial CurrentsSociety as a distinct social Society as a distinct social realityrealityIndividual as DualisticIndividual as Dualistic
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Social SolidaritySocial Solidarity A set of A set of normsnorms, , values,values, and and
moralsmorals that hold a certain that hold a certain group of people togethergroup of people together
““The ties that bind”The ties that bind” Social context: Social context:
Growing individualismGrowing individualism Social dislocationSocial dislocation Moral diversificationMoral diversification
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Social SolidaritySocial Solidarity
1) Mechanical SolidarityNon-industrial societiesMinimal division of laborFew occupationsSimilarity bound people together
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Social SolidaritySocial Solidarity
2) Organic SolidarityMore advanced societies
(industrial) Increased division of labor Many occupationsDifference and Interdependency
create solidarity
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Social FactsSocial Facts ““Ways of acting, thinking, & feeling, Ways of acting, thinking, & feeling,
externalexternal to the individual & endowed to the individual & endowed with the with the power of coercionpower of coercion, by , by reason of which they control him.”reason of which they control him.”
Independent of any single individualIndependent of any single individual
Only explained by other social factsOnly explained by other social facts
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Social Facts-3 General Social Facts-3 General TypesTypes
1. Material factsSocial structures
Economy, Family, Social class
Morphological Facts Form and Structure
Population size and density Geographical location
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Social FactsSocial Facts (cont.)(cont.)
2. Nonmaterial facts
Norms
Values
Collective representations
Collective consciousness
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Social FactsSocial Facts (cont.)(cont.)
3. Social currents3. Social currents Not as clearly formedNot as clearly formed
Examples:Examples:Enthusiasm in crowdsEnthusiasm in crowdsIndignation in crowdsIndignation in crowdsDepression in particular Depression in particular social groupssocial groups
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Collective ConsciousnessCollective Consciousness
Totality of Totality of beliefs & sentiments beliefs & sentiments common to the average member common to the average member of societyof society
Exists beforeExists before individuals individuals
SurvivesSurvives individuals individuals
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Collective ConsciousnessCollective Consciousness
(cont.)(cont.)
Experienced as external forceExperienced as external forceShapes behaviorShapes behavior
Varies from society to societyVaries from society to societyBased on division of laborBased on division of labor
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Collective ConsciousnessCollective Consciousness4 dimensions4 dimensions
1. 1. VolumeVolume=Number of people =Number of people involvedinvolved
2. 2. IntensityIntensity=How deeply people feel =How deeply people feel about the beliefabout the belief
3. 3. RigidityRigidity=Clarity of the definition=Clarity of the definition
4. 4. ContentContent=Form collective =Form collective consciousness takesconsciousness takes
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4 Dimensions4 DimensionsMarriage in Feudal Societies Marriage in Feudal Societies
(Mechanical Societies)(Mechanical Societies) Volume=Most people involved
Intensity=Felt deeply about it
Rigidity=Clearly defined
Content=Religious & economic
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4 Dimensions4 DimensionsMarriage Today Marriage Today (Organic Society)(Organic Society)
VolumeVolume=Large # but smaller =Large # but smaller % of population% of population
IntensityIntensity=Feel less deeply=Feel less deeply
RigidityRigidity=Less clearly defined=Less clearly defined
ContentContent=Personal choice=Personal choice
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Society & Social RealitySociety & Social Reality
Society as a Society as a distinct formdistinct form of of social realitysocial reality
Cannot be reduced Cannot be reduced to biology to biology or psychologyor psychology
Society is not the mere sum Society is not the mere sum of its partsof its parts
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Individual as DualisticIndividual as Dualistic Individual part and Social partIndividual part and Social part
Individual partIndividual part
BioorganicBioorganic
InbornInborn
Self-centeredSelf-centered
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Individual as DualisticIndividual as Dualistic
Social PartSocial Part Develops through interactionDevelops through interaction
Socialization Socialization
Altruistic Altruistic
Group orientedGroup oriented
Needs nurturing & Needs nurturing & developingdeveloping
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AnomieAnomie NormsNorms (expectations for (expectations for
behavior) are:behavior) are: Confused Confused Unclear or Unclear or Not presentNot present
Normlessness Normlessness
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AnomieAnomie Modern individuals Modern individuals insufficiently insufficiently
integratedintegrated into society -> into society ->
Weakening bondsWeakening bonds
Social regulation Social regulation breaks downbreaks down
Societal controlSocietal control on individual on individual desires & interests is ineffectivedesires & interests is ineffective
IndividualsIndividuals on their own on their own
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AnomieAnomie
Human’s Human’s dual naturedual nature-> -> Breakdown of moralsBreakdown of morals
Rising rates of devianceRising rates of deviance Social unrest Social unrest UnhappinessUnhappiness StressStress
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ResearchResearch
Suicide rates are social factsSuicide rates are social facts
4 types of suicide:4 types of suicide:
1.1. EgoisticEgoistic
2.2. AltruisticAltruistic
3.3. AnomicAnomic
4.4. FatalisticFatalistic
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Research on SuicideResearch on Suicide
Durkheim Durkheim defined suicide as:as:
““death resulting directly or death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will himself, which he knows will produce this result.”produce this result.”
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Egoistic SuicideEgoistic Suicide Low social integrationLow social integration Group solidarity declinedGroup solidarity declined Individual must depend on selfIndividual must depend on self Excessive individualismExcessive individualism
Vulnerable groups:Vulnerable groups: Urban dwellersUrban dwellers Industrial workersIndustrial workers ProtestantsProtestants Unmarried menUnmarried men
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Altruistic SuicideAltruistic Suicide High social integrationHigh social integration Excessive integrationExcessive integration into groupinto group Completely Completely absorbed by groupabsorbed by group DutyDuty to commit suicide for groupto commit suicide for group
Examples:Examples: Observed more in Observed more in less less
“civilized” “civilized” societiessocieties One group in modern society—One group in modern society—
ArmyArmy
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Anomic SuicideAnomic Suicide Low social regulationLow social regulation Breakdown of moral Breakdown of moral
communitycommunity No rules or vague rulesNo rules or vague rules
Examples:Examples: AdolescentsAdolescents Older white menOlder white men
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Fatalistic SuicideFatalistic Suicide Excessive social regulationExcessive social regulation Too tightly controlledToo tightly controlled Few choicesFew choices
Examples:Examples: SlavesSlaves Very young husbandsVery young husbands Married women--when Married women--when divorce is not availabledivorce is not available
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Contribution to SociologyContribution to Sociology
Institutionalized SociologyInstitutionalized SociologyTaughtTaught first class first class
DefinedDefined sociology’s area of sociology’s area of researchresearch
ResearchResearch illustrated illustrated sociology’s usefulnesssociology’s usefulness
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Contribution to SociologyContribution to Sociology
Set the standard for research Set the standard for research style & presentationstyle & presentation Literature reviewLiterature review Theoretical contextTheoretical context Testable hypothesesTestable hypotheses Use of statisticsUse of statistics Implications of findingsImplications of findings