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Emissions Inventory: India & China Assessments
P.R. Shukla
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Indian Emissions in 1995 (Million Ton)
CO2 780
CH4 18.3
N2O 0.3
NOx 3.6
SO2 4.7
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Trends of Indian emissions (Million Ton)
Carbon dioxide Methane
15
16
17
18
19
20
1985 1990 19950
200
400
600
800
1000
1985 1990 1995
Em
issi
on
s (M
T)
Growth rate 6.4 % Growth rate 1 %
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Trends of Indian emissions (MT)
0
1
2
3
4
5
1985 1990 1995
N2O: Growth rate 5.6 %
SO2: Growth Rate 5.4%
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1985 1990 1995
NOxN2O and SO2
Growth rate 4.8 %
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Comparative GHG Emissions from Other Countries
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Methane Emissions (1990)
(MT) Dominant Sources
India 17.2 Livestock
China 28.5 Rice
Brazil 9.9 Livestock
USA 27.0 Solid Waste, Oil
Global 375 Agriculture, Solid Waste, Livestock
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CO2 per Capita (1990)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Wor
ld
US
A
Ger
man
y
Jap
an
Ch
ina
Ind
ia
Ton
s
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Growth Rates of CO2 Emissions (1990-95)
-2
0
2
4
6P
erce
nta
ge
Wor
ld
Ind
ia
Ch
ina
Bra
zil
Jap
an
US
A
Ger
man
y
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N2O Emissions (1990)
Global Emissions ….. 9000 Gg
0
100
200
300
400
500
Japan Germany India China USA
Em
i ss i
o ns
(Gg )
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SO2 per Area (1990)
0
4
8
12
16
Ger
man
y
UK
Sp
ain
Jap
an
US
A
Ch
ina
Ind
ia
Can
ada
T /
km
2
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Growth Rates of SO2 Emissions
-2
0
2
4
6
8
% G
row
th
Ind
ia
Ch
ina
Jap
an
US
A
Ger
man
y
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NOx Emissions (1990)
0
5
10
15
20
25
USA Germany India Japan
Em
issi
ons
(MT
)
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Emission Coefficients
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Indian Emission Coefficients
CO2, N2O and NOX coefficients are same as IPCC
Fuelwood Sulfur contents assumed to be closer to CORINAIR 90 range, rather than to IPCC default values
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Methane Emission Coefficients
Age profile specific livestock emissions (from IPCC)
Methane coefficients for paddy are Indianised
Coal mines are categorized in four levels (as per IPCC) for Methane estimates
For MSW, IPCC co-efficient is used. While MSW estimates are Indianised, composition may differ from IPCC assumptions
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Methane Emission Coefficient : Paddy
Water regime Emission factor (g/m2)
Upland --- ---
Low land Rainfed Flood prone 19.0+6.0
Drought prone 6.0+1.5
Irrigated Continuously flooded 25.1+8.4
Intermittently flooded
Singleaeration
6.0+1.5
Multipleaeration
1.36+0.57
Deep water Water depth 50-100 cm 19.0+6.0
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Methane Emission Coefficient :Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Thirty cities measured values
Composition of Indian MSW differs from IPCC assumptions
(Grams/person) 1990 1995
Daily MSW 300 350
IPCC Value 330
Co-eff 0.045 (kg/kg of MSW)
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Differences in SO2 Emission coefficients
(Ton/Ton)
Gas
olin
e
Ker
ose
ne
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Lig
ht
Die
sel O
il
Die
sel
Fu
elw
oo
d
Co
al*
Su
lfu
ric
acid
India Specific IPCC
* Coal coefficients compared with IPCC low coal
Emissions (MT) 1990 1995Indian coefficients 3.61 4.65IPCC coefficients 4.14 5.04
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Regional Emission Distributions
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CO2 Emission Distribution
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Methane Emissions
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Sectoral Emissions
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Contribution to GWP (1995)
62%
31%
7%
CO2 CH4 N2O
CO2 equivalent GWP 1254 MT
Growth rate (1990-95) 4.1 %
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CO2 Emissions (1995)
45%
35%
13%2%5%
Power sector
Industry Road
Other transport
Other sectors
35%
10%
55%
Steel
CementOther industries
Power sector emits 80% from 30 plants
Industry emissions are relatively dispersed 10% districts emit 70% (including 5 steel plants)
62 % contribution to GWP
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CO2 Emissions Growth Rates (1985-95)
Mis
cella
neo
us
0
3
6
9
12
Ele
ctri
cp
ow
er
Tra
nsp
ort
Ind
ust
ry
Ag
ricu
ltu
re
serv
ices
All
Ind
ia
%
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Growth rates of Transport CO2
(1985-95)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
Oth
ertr
ansp
ort
Roa
d
Ship
ping
Avi
atio
n
Rai
lway
Ove
rall
Gro
wth
rat
es
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Methane : Major Contributors
45%
22%
15%
10%2% 4% 2%
LivestockPaddy cultivationBiomass burningMunicipal solid waste
Waste waterOil & gas production & transportationCoal production
31 % contribution to GWP
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N2O : Major Contributors 7 % contribution to GWP
60%11%
10%
9%7% 3%
Nitrogen fertilizer use Biomass burning Fertilizer production Livestock
Others Industry (non-energy)
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SO2 : Major Contributors
46%
36%
8%6%3%1%
Powerr
IndustryAgriculture RoadOthers Other transport
42%
27%
14%
10%7%
Other industries SteelFertilizer Cement
Industry (non-energy)
Emission sources same as CO2 emissions
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NOx : Major Contributors
28%
28%19%
19%
4% 2% 0%
Electric power generation Road transportIndustry (energy use) Biomass burningOther transport OthersIndustry (non-energy)
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Methane Emissions : Urban - Rural Comparison
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Pad
dy
Liv
esto
ck
Bio
mas
s
Oil
& N
atu
ral
Gas
Man
ure
Man
agem
ent
MS
W
Ag
ricu
ltu
rere
sid
ue
Was
te W
ater
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Medinipur (Rural)
Delhi (Urban)
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Emissions from Large Point Sources
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LPS Location Map Sectors LPScovered
Power 94Steel 11Cement 85Fertilizer 31Paper 33Sugar 28Caustic Soda 19Crude refinery 12Petrochemical 14HNO3 manufacturing 5H2SO4 manufacturing 63Aluminum 3Copper smelting 8Lead smelting 5Zinc smelting 3Alcohol production 14Coal mining 32Natural gas production 9N. gas transportation 12Crude oil production 7Municipal solid waste 14Other industries 7Total 509
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LPS: CO2 Emissions
Million Tons
CO2Emissiondetails
No. ofLPS LPS (Tg) LPS/Total
Power 94 365 47
Steel 11 48 6
Cement 85 68 9
Fertilizer 31 14 2
Sugar 28 0.7 0.09
Paper 33 2.9 0.37
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LPS: SO2 Emissions
Region Details No. ofLPS
LPS/TotalSO2 (%)
MainSources
A Golden corridor 32 6.1 Power,H2SO4
B Delhi 20 2.4 Power,Cement
C Northeast Indiacoal mine
21 7.9 Power,Cement
D East India coalmine
18 5.5 Power,Steel,Cement
E Central Indiacoal mine
16 6.1 Power,Steel
F Southern region 13 3.9 Power,Cement
Thousand Tons
A
B
C
D
E
F
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CO2 from Power Plants
50 LPS emit 40% of all India CO2
More concentration near coal mine mouths
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
No. of LPS
Em
issi
on S
har
e (%
)
Share in Power CO2 Share in All India CO2
Million Tons
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65%
35%
72%
2%
13%
10%
3%
Power Others CementSteel Fertilizer
94 LPS
85 LPS
11 LPS
31 LPS
288 LPS
CO2 Contribution from LPS
Others (Transport, Household)
LPS
All India Emissions = 778 MT
All India LPS
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Emission Performance and Age of Power Plants
R2 (age & SO2 gm/kWh) = 0.57
Other measures (FGD) required for further improvements
0
100
200
300
400
1 6 11 16 21 26 31
Average age of plant as in 1995
SO2
(kt)
0
4
8
12
16
SO2
(gm
/kW
h)
SO2 (kt) SO2 (gm/kWh)
Regression Line
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Largest CO2 LPS
0
0.5
1
1.5
2K
orba
Cha
ndra
pur
Ram
agun
dam
Sing
raul
i
Ney
veli
-II
Anp
ara
Vij
aiw
ada
Tut
icor
in
Vin
dhay
acha
l
Wan
akbo
ri
Far
raka
Satp
ura
Kor
adi
Rih
and
All
Ind
ia
CO
2 (k
g/kW
h)
0
5
10
15
20
CO
2 (M
T)
Kg/kWh Million Ton CO2
All these top emitters are power sector LPS
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Urbanization and LPS (Metro-districts)
LPS/district emissions (%)City No of LPSCO2 CH4 SO2
Mumbai 15 60 95 70Chennai 10 67 90 77Delhi 8 52 80 77Kolkata 7 52 77 55
0
20
40
60
80
100
Kolkata Chennai Delhi Mumbai
LP
S e
mis
sion
s/D
istr
ict
Em
issi
ons
in (
%)
CO2 CH4 SO2
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Emissions Maps for China
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China’s SO2 Emissions Inventory Maps
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