Encyclopedia of Color Science andTechnology
Ming Ronnier LuoEditor
Encyclopedia of ColorScience and Technology
With 831 Figures and 52 Tables
Editor
Ming Ronnier LuoState Key Laboratory of ModernOptical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou, ChinaSchool of DesignUniversity of LeedsLeeds, UK
Graduate Institute of Colour and IlluminationNational Taiwan University of Science and TechnologyTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
ISBN 978-1-4419-8070-0 ISBN 978-1-4419-8071-7 (eBook)ISBN 978-1-4419-8072-4 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8071-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939599
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, orby similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer NatureThe registered company is Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York
I like to dedicate this work to my family, my wife, Huimin, my son,Alan, and my daughter, Tina. They have given their unlimitedsupports over the years. Also, to my colleagues and students, forwhomwe have been able to continue to challenge the boundary ofcolor science and technology.
Preface
Color is everywhere in daily life. It makes the world vibrant and exciting.However, we frequently make difficult color decisions and struggle to describethem precisely. Color on its own spans physics, chemistry, computing, psy-chology, and perception, and contributes fundamentally to art, design, andmedia. With this in mind, the primary goal of this publication was to provide acomprehensive and multidisciplinary reference to the main fields in whichcolor is relevant. It can be used to promote the fields of color science andtechnology, to cover a wide range of disciplines, to provide good introductorymaterial for beginners, and to attract a new generation of color researchers andengineers. I am very proud to say we have successfully achieved this goal.Readers will be able to survey information on color related subjects frommanydifferent aspects and influence the way people work with color. It has been agreat honor and pleasure to coordinate this ambitious project. As an educator inthe field of color technology, I have been fortunate to lead the project thatincludes 14 sections divided into 254 chapters. In total, 153 experts wereinvited to contribute to the work. This is the first reference work to refer tocolor from the different points of view of color vision, color appearance,optical phenomena, colorants, metrology, color spaces, and many other colorrelated topics. It also includes domain specific entries such as color andvisualization, color in graphics, image processing, and color management.
Readers can access each topic as a printed reference and also as part ofSpringer online reference material. In addition, each author will continue toupdate their material for years to come. Although a substantial amount of workhas been accomplished, it is planned to extend the encyclopaedia to includenew content as it becomes relevant and available.
Ming Ronnier Luo
vii
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank all the contributors, including the section leaders, whoeach assembled a strong group of authors in their specific expert areas, and allthe authors who prepared high quality input in a timely manner. I would like toparticularly thank Prof. van Bommout who almost single handedly deliveredthe section on lighting technology based on his vast knowledge of the subject.I would also like to thank the late Prof. Janos Schanda for leading the sectionon CIE standards. It is with sadness that we learnt he had passed away during abusy period of preparation: he will be greatly missed by all color people.
ix
About the Editor
Over the past 30 years, Ming Ronnier Luo has been involved in the field ofcolor science and color technology. His major contributions to color scienceinclude advances in color difference evaluation, color appearance modeling,color emotion and harmony understanding and prediction, and lighting qualitymeasurement. His mission has always been one of international disseminationof color expertise. He has created color and appearance postgraduate depart-ments at universities in China, Taiwan, and UK, and currently he is a GlobalExpertise Professor at Zhejiang University (China), the Professor of Color andImaging Science at the University of Leeds (UK), and a Chair Professor at theNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology (R.O.C.). He and hiscolleagues have copublished over 500 refereed journal and conference papers.He has successfully supervised 45 PhD students and has taught color sciencecourses to over 500master students. These are now spread across all continentsin academic institutions and industry. He has been heavily involved with theInternational Commission on Illumination (CIE), the world authority for thestandardization and specification of color and lighting, presently holding thepost of Vice President Publishing (2015–2019). He served the Director of CIEDivision One on Vision and Color (2007–2015), and a chair or an activemember of various technical and standardization committees. He was alsoChairman of the Color Measurement Committee of the Society of Dyers andColorists (1997–2002).
Ronnier has always worked closely with industry and strongly believes inthe transfer of technology. Many of his new technologies have become suc-cessful industrial products, collaborating with international companies
xi
xii About the Editor
covering the surface color, imaging, and illumination and supply chainindustries.
In recognition of his contributions to color science and technology, he hasgained a number of awards. These include the Dyers’ Company Silver Medal(1986–1987), The Bartleson Research Award (1994), and the Davis Medal ofthe Royal Photographic Society (2003). He was awarded the title of Fellow ofthe Society of Dyers and Colorists in 2000, their CentenaryMedal in 2004, andtheir GoldMedal in 2009. He became a Fellow of the Society of Image Scienceand Technology (2002) and the Dyers’ Company Research Medallist in(2006).
Section Editors
1. Section: Language and Cognition
Kimberly A. Jameson Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences,University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
2. Section: Standards: CIE
Ming Ronnier Luo State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumenta-tion, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Graduate Institute of Colour and Illumination, National Taiwan University ofScience and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
xiii
xiv Section Editors
János Schanda Veszprém, Hungary
3. Section: Color Engineering: Computations
Philipp Urban Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD,Technische Universit€at Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
4. Section: Metrology: Concepts and Devices
Tzeng-Yow Lin National Measurement Laboratory R.O.C., Hsinchu,Taiwan, R.O.C.
Section Editors xv
5. Section: Vision: Concepts
Sophie Wuerger Department of Psychological Sciences, University ofLiverpool, Liverpool, UK
6. Section: Lighting
Wout van Bommel Nuenen, The Netherlands
7. Section: Materials: General
Stephen Burkinshaw School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, WestYorkshire, UK
xvi Section Editors
8. Section: Computer Graphics
Erik Reinhard Technicolor Research and Innovation, Cesson-Sévigné,France
9. Section: Physics
Joanne Zwinkels National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
10. Section: Vision: Concepts-2
Miyoshi Ayama Graduate School of Engineering/Center for OpticalResearch and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Utsunomiya, Japan
Section Editors xvii
11. Section: Art and Design
José Luis Caivano Secretaria de Investigaciones FADU-UBA, Universidadde Buenos Aires, and Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
12. Section: People
Renzo Shamey Color Science and Imaging Laboratory, North Carolina StateUniversity, Raleigh, NC, USA
13. Section: Vision: Phenomena14. Section: Vision: Physiology
Caterina Ripamonti Cambridge Research Systems Ltd, Rochester, Kent, UK
xviii Section Editors
15. Section: Color Science: Computations
Stephen Westland Colour Science and Technology, University of Leeds,Leeds, UK
List of Contributors
Jonathan Aboshiha The UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and MoorfieldsEye Hospital, London, UK
Nancy Alvarado Department of Psychology and Sociology, California StatePolytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, USA
Seyed Hossein Amirshahi AUT Textile Department, Amirkabir Universityof Technology, Tehran Polytechnic, Tehran, Iran
Malvina Arrarte-Grau Architecture, Landscape and Color Design,Arquitectura Paisajismo Color, Lima, Peru
Ulrich Bachmann Institute of Colour and Light, Zurich, Switzerland
Thomas Bechtold Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Phys-ics, Leopold Franzens University of Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Vorarlberg, Austria
Tony Belpaeme School of Computing andMathematics, University of Plym-outh, Plymouth, UK
Nathan A. Benjamin Calit2, Computer Science, University of California,Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Martin Bide Department of Textiles, University of Rhode Island, FashionMerchandising and Design, Kingston, RI, USA
David L. Bimler School of Psychology, Massey University, PalmerstonNorth, New Zealand
Valerie Bonnardel Psychology, University of Winchester, Winchester,Hampshire, UK
Alex Bourque Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS,Canada
David Briggs Public Programs, National Art School, Sydney, NSW,Australia
Michael H. Brill Datacolor, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
Berit Brogaard Department of Philosophy and the Brogaard Lab for Multi-sensory Research, University of Miami and University of Oslo, Miami, FL,USA
xix
xx List of Contributors
Angela M. Brown College of Optometry, Department of Optometry, OhioState University, Columbus, OH, USA
Robert R. Buckley National Archives of the UAE, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester,Rochester, NY, USA
John D. Bullough Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti-tute, Troy, NY, USA
José Luis Caivano Secretaria de Investigaciones FADU-UBA, Universidadde Buenos Aires, and Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Ellen C. Carter Color Research and Application and, Konica Minolta,Pennsville, NJ, USA
J. N. Chakraborty Department of Textile Technology, National Institute ofTechnology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Stephanie M. Chang Calit2, Computer Science, University of California,Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Mark Changizi Institute for the Study of Human and Machine Cognition,Boise, ID, USA
Cheng-Hsien Chen Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technol-ogy Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Vladimir G. Chigrinov Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineer-ing, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Jae Hong Choi Department of Textile System Engineering, KyungpookNational University, Daegu, South Korea
Yi-Chen Chuang Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial TechnologyResearch Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Filip Ciesielczyk Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, PoznanUniversity of Technology, Poznan, Poland
Richard S. Cook Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berke-ley, CA, USA
Osvaldo Da Pos Department of Psychology, University of Padua, Padua,Italy
Olga Daneyko Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma,Italy
Don Dedrick Department of Philosophy and Department of Psychology,University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
Peter Dehoff Zumtobel Lighting, Dornbirn, Austria
Prutha S. Deshpande Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine,CA, USA
List of Contributors xxi
Oskar Elek Computer Graphics Department, Max-Planck-InstitutInformatik, Saarbr€ucken, Germany
Mark D. Fairchild College of Science, Rochester Institute of Technology,Rochester, NY, USA
Mariana Figueiro Lighting Research Center, Troy, NY, USA
Anna Franklin Psychology, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
Harold Freeman Fiber and Polymer Science Program, North Carolina StateUniversity, Raleigh, NC, USA
Sergio Gago Calit2, School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine,Irvine, CA, USA
Karl Gegenfurtner Department of Psychology, Giessen University, Giessen,Germany
Alan Gilchrist Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ,USA
Edward J. Giorgianni Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Adam Głaz Institute of English Studies, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Univer-sity, Lublin, Poland
Simone Gori Department of Human and Social Sciences, University ofBergamo, Bergamo, Italy
Developmental Neuropsychology Unit, Scientific Institute “E. Medea”,Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
Parikshit Goswami School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, WestYorkshire, UK
Paul Green-Armytage School of Design and Art, Curtin University, Perth,Australia
Thomas L. Griffiths Department of Psychology, University of California atBerkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
J. Richard Hanley Department of Psychology, University of Essex,Colchester, UK
C. L. Hardin Department of Philosophy, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY,USA
Amanda Hardman School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aber-deen, UK
Ian G. Harris Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Mathieu Hébert ERIS Group, CNRS, UMR 5516, Laboratoire HubertCurien, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
xxii List of Contributors
Roger D. Hersch Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL),Lausanne, Switzerland
Robert Hirschler SENAI/CETIQT Colour Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,Brazil
Donald Hoffman Department of Cognitive Sciences, University ofCalifornia at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Stephanie Huette Department of Psychology, University of Memphis,Memphis, TN, USA
Shao-Tang Hung Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial TechnologyResearch Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Robert W. G. Hunt Department of Colour Science, University of Leeds,Leeds, UK
Kimberly A. Jameson Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences,University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Teofil Jesionowski Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering,Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
Yang Jiao Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Gabriele Jordan Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcas-tle upon Tyne, UK
Paul Kay Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA,USA
Algy Kazlauciunas Department of Color Science, University of Leeds,Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
Sung-Hoon Kim Department of Textile System Engineering, KyungpookNational University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Daniel C. Kiper Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich andSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Eric Kirchner Color Research, AkzoNobel Performance Coatings,Sassenheim, The Netherlands
Akiyoshi Kitaoka Department of Psychology, Ritsumeikan University,Kyoto, Japan
Martine Knoop Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
Balázs Kránicz University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
John H. Krantz Natural Sciences, Department of Psychology, HanoverCollege, Hanover, IN, USA
Rolf G. Kuehni Charlotte, NC, USA
Eun-Mi Lee Department of Textile System Engineering, KyungpookNational University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
List of Contributors xxiii
David J. Lockwood Measurement Science and Standards, National ResearchCouncil Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Jorge Lopez-Moreno GMRV Group, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos,Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
Robert Lucas Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manches-ter, UK
Ming Ronnier Luo State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumenta-tion, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Graduate Institute of Colour and Illumination, National Taiwan University ofScience and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
Colin M. MacLeod Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo,Waterloo, ON, Canada
Kevin Mansfield UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering,London, UK
JohnMardaljevic School of Civil and Building Engineering, LoughboroughUniversity, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
Maria Manuela Marques Raposo Department of Chemistry, University ofMinho, Braga, Portugal
JasnaMartinovic School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,UK
Barry Maund Department of Philosophy, The University of WesternAustralia, Crawley, WA, Australia
John McCann McCann Imaging, Arlington, MA, USA
Terry McGowan Lighting Ideas, Inc, Cleveland Hts., OH, USA
ManuelMelgosa Optics Department, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Ralf Michel Institute Integrative Design | Master Studio Design, Universityof Applied Sciences FHNW Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Galen Minah College of Built Environments, Department of Architecture,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Yoko Mizokami Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, ChibaUniversity, Chiba, Japan
John D. Mollon Department of Experimental Psychology, CambridgeUniversity, Cambridge, UK
Guillermo Monros Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica,Universitat Jaume I, Edifici Científico-Tècnic, Castelló, Spain
Nathan Moroney Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA
xxiv List of Contributors
Jan Morovic Hewlett-Packard Company, Sant Cugat del Valles/Barcelona,Catalonia, Spain
Maria Luisa Musso Architecture, Design and Urbanism, Color ResearchProgram, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Antal Nemcsics Department of Architecture, Budapest University of Tech-nology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
Larissa Noury Colour-Space-Culture, Paris, France
Leonhard Oberascher FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Graz,Salzburg, Austria
Zena O’Connor Architecture, Design and Planning, University of Sydney,Sydney, Australia
Claudio Oleari Department of Physics, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Nilg€un Olgunt€urk Department of Interior Architecture and EnvironmentalDesign, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture, Bilkent University, Ankara,Turkey
Gertrud Olsson School of Architecture, KTH, Royal Institute of Technol-ogy, Stockholm, Sweden
Roy Osborne Color Research and Application, The Colour Group of GreatBritain, London, UK
Gilles Page Philips Lighting, Miribel, France
Stephen E. Palmer Department of Psychology, University of California,Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Galina V. Paramei Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University,Liverpool, UK
Neil Parry Vision Science Centre, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, CentralManchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Aca-demic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute of Human Develop-ment, University of Manchester, UK
Baingio Pinna Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Universitàdegli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
Renata Pompas Milan, Italy
Bao-Jen Pong Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial TechnologyResearch Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Tania Pouli Technicolor, Cesson-Sévigné, France
Peter Raynham University College of London, London, UK
Tobias Ritschel Department of Computer Graphics, MPI Informatik,Saarbr€ucken, Germany
List of Contributors xxv
Herzog Robert Max-Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr€ucken, Germany
Marisa Rodriguez-Carmona Optometry and Visual Science, City Univer-sity London, London, UK
Georges Roque Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris,France
Miho Saito Department of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima,Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
Masato Sakurai Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Nonoichi, Ishikawa,Japan
Abhijit Sarkar Surface, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA
János Schanda Veszprém, Hungary
Karen B. Schloss Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and PsychologicalSciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Eriko Miyahara Self California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
Renzo Shamey Color Science and Imaging Laboratory, College of Textiles,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
David R. Simmons School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow,Scotland, UK
Alessandro Soranzo Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
Andrew Stockman Department of Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute ofOphthalmology, London, UK
Kartic Subr Department of Computer Science, University College London,London, UK
Suchitra Sueeprasan Department of Imaging and Printing Technology,Chulalongkorn University Intellectual Repository, Chulalongkorn University,Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
Lois Swirnoff The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and ArtCooper Square, New York, NY, USA
Ken Tapping D.R.A.O., National Research Council Canada, Penticton, BC,Canada
Muneto Tatsumoto Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University,Tochigi, Japan
Sean Tauber Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University ofCalifornia, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Li-Lin Tay Measurement Science and Standards, National Research CouncilCanada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Krzysztof Templin Computer Graphics, Max Planck Institute for Informat-ics, Saarbr€ucken, Germany
xxvi List of Contributors
Peter Thorns Strategic Lighting Applications, Thorn Lighting Ltd,Spennymoor, Durham, UK
Richard J. D. Tilley Queen’s Buildings, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
AndrewTowns VivimedLabs Europe Ltd., Huddersfield,West Yorkshire, UK
H. Joel Trussell Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NorthCarolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
Philipp Urban Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD,Technische Universit€at Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Arne Valberg Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science andTechnology, Trondheim, Norway
Wout van Bommel Nuenen, The Netherlands
Peter van der Burgt Philips Lighting, Valkenswaard, The Netherlands
Michal Vik Faculty of Textile Engineering, Laboratory Color and Appear-ance Measurement, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
Stephan Volker University of Technology Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Poorvi L. Vora Department of Computer Science, The George WashingtonUniversity, Washington, DC, USA
Mark Wainwright Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool JohnMoores University, Liverpool, UK
David Alan Warburton Topoi, Berlin, Germany
Romann M. Weber Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute ofTechnology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Mike Webster Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV,USA
Bor-Jiunn Wen Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering,National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
Stephen Westland Colour Science and Technology, University of Leeds,Leeds, UK
Mary AnneWhite Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax,NS, Canada
Jonathan Winawer Department of Psychology, Stanford University,Stanford, CA, USA
Nathan Witthoft Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford,CA, USA
Christoph Witzel Department of Psychology, Giessen University, Giessen,Germany
List of Contributors xxvii
WayneWright Department of Philosophy, California State University, LongBeach, Long Beach, CA, USA
Sophie Wuerger Department of Psychological Sciences, University ofLiverpool, Liverpool, UK
Kaida Xiao Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology,Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Bei Xiao Department of Computer Science, American University, Washing-ton, DC, USA
Daniele Zavagno Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca,Milan, Italy
Sunčica Zdravković Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad,NoviSad, Serbia
Laboratory for Experimental Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Serbia
Jiyou Zhong National Engineering Research Center for Rare Earth Mate-rials, General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing, China
Weidong Zhuang National Engineering Research Center for Rare EarthMaterials, General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing, China
Joanne Zwinkels National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada