Download - End of world war I
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END OF WORLD WAR I
END OF FIGHTING AND TREATY OF VERSAILLES
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U.S. TURNS TIDE OF WAR
By joining war, the United States brought in:
1. Fresh supplies and troops
2. Industrial might to combat Germany
3. Supplies to re-outfit troops from all Allied countries
U.S. comes into war – April 6, 1917
Fighting in the War Ends – November 11, 1918
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FOURTEEN POINTS
Fourteen Points – Plan for peace in Europe which was outlined by Woodrow Wilson
- Points 1-4 – Open diplomacy
- Point 5 – Fair system to resolve disputes over colonies
- Points 6-13 – Dealt with self-determination or people’s right to choose their own political status
- Point 14 – Called for creation of League of Nations
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THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Purpose of League of Nations:
1. Settle disputes between nations
2. Protect democracy
3. Prevent future wars
Showed that foreign policy of a democratic nation should be based on morality – not just what was best for that nation.
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PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
Began: January 12, 1919
The Conference:
- Delegation made up of 32 nations and their leaders
- Big Four – leaders of the victorious Allied nations
1. Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
2. David Lloyd George – Great Britain
3. Georges Clemenceau – France
4. Vittorio Orlando - Italy
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GOALS OF EACH OF THE BIG FOUR
Wilson – United States
wanted to ensure peace in Europe and put an end to these types of disputes
Lloyd George and Clemenceau – England and France
wanted Germany to pay for their aggression
Orlando – Italy
wanted colonial claims in Africa, primarily resource rich Ethiopia
Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia – wanted to start new nations
Poland – wanted nation put back together and reformed
Ho Chi Minh – Vietnamese chef wanted independence for Vietnam
would later lead revolution in Vietnam against French starting Vietnam War
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TREATY OF VERSAILLES
The Impact of the Treaty:
1. Germany could not have air force
2. Limits to German military size (100,000 troops only)
3. Germany could not mechanize army
4. Germany could only have 1 ship in navy
5. Germany had to repay debt of all allies – reparations
- more than Germany could actually pay
6. Established League of Nations
7 Creation of Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia
8. Central Powers lost all colonies
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TREATY ISSUES
Germany forced to sign treaty under threat of French military force – June 28, 1919
United States – arguments in Congress over signing treaty
- Three Groups formed:
1. Immediate ratification – sign now
2. Irreconcilables – no sign because of League of Nations participation
3. Reservationists – ratify treaty if changes were made primarily to League of Nations Charter
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TREATY FIGHT IN U.S.
Wilson was not happy with hang-ups on signing the treaty
- Main opponent: Henry Cabot Lodge
- Wilson took arguments on the road to the people
- Said the treaty must be ratified or the consequences could be disastrous
- Tour caused stress on Wilson – he had stroke
Lodge presented a new treaty in 1919 and 1920 – Senate rejected both on orders of Wilson
1921 – United States signed separate peace treaties with Germany and Austria-Hungary
- Caused U.S. to never join League of Nations
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IMPACTS OF WORLD WAR I
Human Toll – 14,000,000 dead/7,000,000 men disabled
Financial Impact - $280 Billion in war costs
Political Impact:
1. Monarchies overthrown in Germany, Austria, Russia
2. Rise of Communism
3. Led to revolutions in colonialized areas
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IMPACTS OF WORLD WAR I
Economic Impact:
1. European economies devastated
2. United States becomes global economic leader
3. Inflation led to economic issues in U.S.
4. Prices on goods went up in U.S. – people could not afford goods
5. Farmers took hit when demand for food dropped after war
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IMPACTS OF WORLD WAR ISocial Impacts:
1. Women serving in work place = passage of 19th Amendment
- got right to vote
2. African-Americans moved to the North to find work in factories
- led to population shifts in pattern
European Impacts:
1. Europeans lost nearly an entire generation of young men
2. France was destroyed
3. Great Britain and Germany were broke or in debt
4. Still a great deal of anger in Europe – leads to World War II