Download - ENERGIEWENDE AND REFORMING THE ENERGY VISION
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Lessons that could be learned form German Experiences of Installing >80GW of Distributed Energy Resources
ENERGIEWENDE AND REFORMING THE ENERGY VISION
Soenke RogallaFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Freiburg, Germany
SeminarRensselear Politechnic Insitute, Troy, NYAugust 18, 2015
www.ise.fraunhofer.de
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IntroductionFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
Located in Freiburg, Germany
Funded in 1981
Applied scientific and engineering R&D for energy generation, conversion, distribution & storage
Largest institute for applied solar energy research in Europe:
Staff: ~1,300 , budget: >80 Mio. EUR
Megawatt Laboratory: Characterization of grid-connected power electronics
www.ise.fraunhofer.de
www.testlab-pe.de
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ENERGIEWENDE(ENERGY TRANSITION)
Source: http://www.e-world-essen.com/uploads/pics/Forum_Energiewende_normal_06.jpg
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AGENDA
Introduction
German Renewable Energy Policies
Facts and Figures
Energy Costs
Lessons Learned
Latest Developments
Policies
MarketTechnology
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Principle Technical Challenge of the EnergiewendeTransition from Synchronous Generators to Inverters
Turbo-generator set: team turbine (yellow) withsynchronous generator (red), Source: Siemens
Change of dominance
Past: Synchronous Generators Basis for electrical power generation
since the beginning Electro-mechanical device Given physical behavior determines Grid control and protection Dynamics of the energy system
Central Inverter for utility-scale PV power plants.Source: GE Power Conversion
Future: Inverters (Power Electronics) Technology for most of the future
(renewables) energy resources Semiconductor based device Flexible programmable behavior High control dynamics (~ ms) Compliance requirements t.b.d.
S. Rogalla / Fraunhofer ISE
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Key:
: Linie-to-line voltage at the inverter terminals
High Penetration of Power Electronics in Electrical GridsExample of Subsynchronous Resonance in a PV-system
500
250
0
-250
-500
Gri
d V
olt
ag
e /
V
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
Time / s
Severe Resonance
Gri
d C
urr
en
t / A
1500
750
0
-750
-1500
Key:
: inverter phase currents
Over-Currents
Power Quality Issues
Stability isn‘t given by nature!
But it can be assured by appling the right invertercontrol methods and settings!
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GERMAN RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICES
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Historical Background German Environmental Movement
Since 1970ies strong support in the German society
Subjects:
preservation of flora and fauna, farming, animal husbandry
waste management
chemical industry
forest dieback, deforestation of the rainforest
climate protection: ozone hole, CO2-emissions
anti-nuclear movement
Establishing of the Green Party 1980
© Bernd Kammerer
Source: www.journal-frankfurt.de
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Historical Background German Renewable Energy Act
Dec 7, 1990: „Stromeinspeisegesetz“ (Current feed-in act)
Obligation for utilities to remunerate for renewable generated electricity
April 1, 2000„1. Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz EEG“ (1st Renewable Energy Act)
Definition of feed-in tariffs (FIT)
Priority for renewable generated electricity
4 amendments since than
Reichstag Building (German Parliament)
Source: www.energiequellen.net
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Historical Background Germany’s Nuclear Power Phase-Out 2011
„Nuclear moratorium“ as of March 14, 2011 (3 days after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster)
Instant decommission of Germany‘s eight oldest nuclear reactors (6.3 GW)
“Energiewende Act” (June 6, 2011)
Decommission of all remaining 12 reactors until 2022 (12.7 GW)
Adoption of Renewable Energy Act
Acceleration of grid enhancement
Building Insulation Act
Energy and Climate FundSource: Stepmap.de
German Nuclear Phase-OutNuclear reactors (Decommission)
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Goals of the German Energiewende
Reduction of green-house gas emissions by 80-95% (cp. 1990)
Reduction of the primary energy consumption by 50 %
Nuclear phase-out
Electricty by Renewables 35% 50% 80%
Renewable share of enduser energy consumption 60%
Enhancement of the transport. grid
2020 2030 2050
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German National Grid Development Plan
4 planned HVDC-lines
Electricity transport from north to south
Avoids new HVAC infrastructure
Grid enhancement: approx. 3,300 mi
New infrastructure: approx. 2,300 mi(1,400 mi HVDC)
Overall Investment over 10 years: $ 20 – 24 billion
Source: Netzentwicklungsplan, 2014
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FACTS AND FIGURES
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At a GlanceGermany <-> New York State
Germany New York
Population 81 million 20 million
Area 357,168 km²137,847 sq mi
141,300 km²54,555 sq mi
Annual net electricity consumption ~500 TWh ~145 TWh
Annual net electricity consumption per capita
~6,200 kWh ~7.250 kWh
Average electricity retail price (residential / industrial)
~$0.33/kWh ~$0.12/kWh
~$0.18/kWh~$0.07/kWh
Annual solar irradiation ~1,000 kWh/m²/a ~1,500 kWh/m²/a
Data: Fraunhofer ISE, NYSERDA, WIkipedia
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Annual Solar Irradiation (USA, Germany, Spain)
Source: http://www.nrel.gov/gis/mapsearch/
~1,500 kWh/m²/a
>2,000 kWh/m²/a
~1,000 kWh/m²/a
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year 2014
Electricity production in 2014
TWh
100
120
140
80
60
40
20
91.8 TWh
140.9 TWh
99.0 TWh
33.2 TWh51.4 TWh
32.8 TWh53.9 TWh
18.5 TWh
BiomassBrown Coal Hard CoalUranium Gas Wind Solar Hydro power
40
30
20
10
GW
Biomass
Installed power
Brown Coal Hard CoalUranium Gas Wind Solar Hydro power
year 2014
33.668 GW
12.068 GW
21.247 GW26.340 GW
28.241 GW
5.607 GW
36.858 GW
7.537 GW
Electricity Generation from RenewablesInstalled Power Capacities and Produces Energy in 2014
88 GW conventional 84 GW renewable
365 TWh conventional 157 TWh renewable
Source: Fraunhofer ISE, www.energy-charts.de
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Conventional EnergiesGeneration Capacity (GW)
Source: Fraunhofer ISE, www.energy-charts.de
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Renewable EnergiesGrowth of Generation Capacities (GW)
Source: Fraunhofer ISE, www.energy-charts.de
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Jobs Creation by Renewable Energy Industry
Source: BMWi , © GWS, DLR, DIW, Prognos 2014
tho
usa
nd
s o
f jo
bs
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Energy Production www.energy-charts.de
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ENERGY COSTS
PV Learning Curve
Cost development for renewables
Market and installation rates
Policy adoptions and development of feed-in tariffs (FIT)
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PV Learning CurveHistorical and Future Prices
Source: Agora Energiewende/Fraunhofer ISE Study “Current and Future Cost of Photovoltaics” (Feb 2015)
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LCoE of Renewable and Conventional Power Plants Calculation for Germany 2013 - 2030
Source: Fraunhofer ISE Study “Levelized Cost of Electricity Renewable Energy Technologies” (Nov 2013)
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Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE) for PVGermany vs. Spain for Different Costs of Capital
Source: Agora Energiewende/Fraunhofer ISE Study “Current and Future Cost of Photovoltaics” (Feb 2015)
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Prices for PV Systems in GermanyAverage Price for PV Rooftop Systems (10 – 100 kWp)
Taken from Fraunhofer ISE’s “Photvoltaics-Report” (Oct 20 , 2014)
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Annual PV Installations in MWp
-75%
Target corridor
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020year
€Cen
ts/k
Wh
Photovoltaic
Feed-in tariff in Germany
2004 to 2010:41% or 8,3%/a
2010 to 2014:65% or 23%/a
Degression:2004 to 2014:76% or 13,3%/a
In future:0,5%/m or 5,8%/a
June 2014:9,0ct – 13,0ct
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Attractiveness for PV InvestmentsPrices vs. FIT
Taken from Fraunhofer ISE’s “Photvoltaics-Report” (Oct 20 , 2014)
Very low attractiveness
FIT (€/kWh)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Difference btw. price and FIT = Attractiveness
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Relation between Policies, Market and Technology/Price
Policy
Technology
Market
Price
Market development affects political decisions
Sets FIT
Economy of scale reduces prices
Market animates tech. developments
Difference btw. FIT and price = Attractiveness
-+
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020year
€Cen
ts/k
Wh
Industry
Household
Photovoltaic
Comparison: Feed-in tariff and electricity costs
Grid parity with household electricity2010 to 2012
Grid parity with Industry electricity2012 to 2014
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020year
€Cen
ts/k
Wh
Wind
Photovoltaic
Comparison: Feed-in tariff for PV and Wind
Parity with Wind offshore2012 to 2014
Parity with Wind onshore2014 to 2020
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Jahr
€Cen
ts/k
Wh
0
10
20
30
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
40
50
60
gasolinediesel
natural gas, fuel oil
Photovoltaic
Comparison: Feed-in tariff for PV – costs of fossil fuels
Parity with Gasoline, diesel2012 to 2013
Parity with natural gas, fuel oil2014 to 2017
Diesel-Genset(LCoE)
Parity with diesel-generated electricity2007 to 2010
calorific values:gasoline: 8,9 kWh/ldiesel: 9,8 kWh/l
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LESSONS LEARNED
50.2 Hz Problem
Short-Term Grid Faults / Fault Ride Through Capability
Solar Eclipse 2015
Grid Codes
Source: www.lessonslearned.com
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Lessons Learned50.2 Hz Problem
Before 2011 regulation required immediately shut-down of DERs at over-frequency > 50.2 Hz
European operating reserve is designed to tolerate a sudden loss of max. 3 GW
At this time >12 GW of PV-systems had been installed in Germany alone
Over-frequencies might have kicked out high amount of PV
Destabilization of the whole European Network could have been the consequence Entso-E Network. Source: wikipedia.de
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Lessons Learned50.2 Hz Problem (Solution)
DERs are required to ramp-down its active power depending on the frequency. self-stabilizing mechanism
315,000 existing PV-systems (12GW) needed to be retrofitted!
Lessons Learned:
Do not under-estimate DER!
If not today, DER can get system-relevant faster than regulations can be adopted!
Have a long-term foresight, when defining technical rules!
Over-frequency requirement accord. To BDEW MV GuidlineGraphic: SMA
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Lessons LearnedBlack-Out Risk as a Consequence of Short-Term Faults
Scenario:
Short in transmission lines lead to wide-area voltage sag with several GW of generation affected.
Sudden loss of large amount of generation can destabilize the whole European ENTSO-E network.
Lessons learned:
Renewables are no additional source of energy anymore - today they play a crucial role in the networks!
Renewable power plants must contribute to grid stabilization in case of grid failures.
The grid voltage is like a spider web:Shorts lead to a “voltage crater” , which can affect a large area.
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Lessons LearnedLow Voltage Ride Through Requirements
Renewable power plants should support the faulty grid by:
Not disconnecting from the grid
Feeding short-circuit current
Supporting the grid voltage by feeding a reactive current
Continue with regular operation directly after fault clearance
LVRT boundary line according to the German BDEW medium-voltage guideline
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Lessons Learned Solar Eclipse on March 20, 2015
Questions and discussions in advance:
Will high PV-power gradients have an critical influence on the power system?
Are there enough (fast controllable) generation and storage capacities to handle the situation?
Should PV production be blocked for the whole day?
Black-out possible?
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Lessons Learned Solar Eclipse: Power Gradient Simulations
Source: www.rp-online.de, Photo: Shutterstock.com/ underworld
15-min gradientes can be up to 3x higher than during normal days.
Stress test for the energy system (3x higher share of PV production)
Day in March w/o solar eclipse Day in March with solar eclipse
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Lessons Learned Solar Eclipse: Measurements
Source: www.netzfrequenzmessung.de
No black out occured
Grid frequency during the solar eclipse showed no abnormallities
Stress test passed!
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Grid Codes as a Technical Consequence Overview for Germany
High voltage grid
• VDE-AR-N 4120(2015 with 2-years transition period)
Medium voltage grid
• VDE-AR-N-4110(expected 2016)
• BDEW medium voltage grid code (2008)
• Test: FGW - TG3
• Simulation:FGW - TG4
• Certification:FGW - TG8
Low voltage grid
• VDE-AR-N 4105(2011)
• Test:• VDE-V-0124-100
• DIN CLC/TS 50549-1(2014 - Draft pre-standard)
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German Grid CodesOverview on Requirements
Power Quality
Reactive Power Control
Active Power Control
Network and Plant Protection
Low Voltage Ride Through
f V
=
~~
f
P
According to the BDEW Medium-Voltage Guideline / FGW Test Guideline TG3
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Grid Code Learning ProcessOutlook
Today’s grid codes
• Local voltage control / Grid support during abnormal situation• Active and reactive power control• Limits for harmonics and flicker• LVRT capability
Upcomingrequire-ments
• “Lessons learned” / International adoptions• Dynamic grid support for unsymmetrical faults• OVRT, frequencyRT• Volt-VAr control at night
Future require-ments
• Decentralized power electronics as reliable resources for grid control• Operation at weak grid connection points / islands grids• Compensation of harmonics• Grid forming functions (voltage / frequency control)
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LATEST DEVELOPMENTS
Political and economical discussions
Technical discussions
PV-Battery storage stimulation program
New approaches
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Current DiscussionsPolitical and Economical
Development of renewables and costs for the Energiewende
How can PV installation rate meet the target corridor again?
Ground-mounted PV auction ordinance
Climate protection goals
Failure of the EU emissions trading system
Reduction of emissions by lignite-fired power plants
Grid enhancement and cost coverage
Acceptance of new HVDC-lines
Tax on self-consumed electricity
Calculation of grid fees in a world of growing self-generation
Energy Market
New market engineering / capacity markets
Impact of the Energiewende on the traditional market players
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Ownership of PV Power Plants in Germany
Taken from Fraunhofer ISE’s fact sheet “Recent facts about photovoltaics in Germany” (May 25, 2015)
“Big 4” energy companies only hold 0.2% of the PV installations!
Private Persons
Farmers
Banks
Project developers
Industry
Regional andinternational utilities
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E.ON SplitThe New Energy World is Different
Splitting plans announced in Nov 2014
Remaining “e.on”
Keeps grid operation and renewables
Staff: 40,000
New “Uniper”
Founded in April 2015
Takes conventional generation(hydro, fossil and nuclear)
Staff 15,000
Source: The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 30, 2014
Source: e.on / www.energytransition.de, Dec 01, 2014
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Current DiscussionsTechnical
Ancillary services
Fault ride through in LV-grids
Volt-Var-Control vs. voltage regulating distribution transformers
Power quality improvements (harmonic compensation)
Power Gradients / Ramp rate control
HVDC terminals as a tool for grid control
Battery storage systems
Small, medium and large scale
Market development
Grid-friendly operation
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PV-Battery Storage Stimulation Program
Government grant for PV-storage systems
More than 10,000 storage systems installed in between 05/13 and 05/15
Technical requirements
Grid-friendly operation
Max. power in-feed: 60% of nominal PV-power
Volt-Var-control
Power-frequency control above 50.2 Hz
Remote control readiness
Updateable for future requirements Source:
BSW-Faktenblatt PV, 06/2015, http://www.solarwirtschaft.de
No. of monthly granted PV-storage systems
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New Approaches and Solutions Strombank - A Giro Account for Renewables (I)
Source: Presentation: „ Strombank - A Giro Account for Renewable Energy”Dr. Robert Thomann , Innovation Manager , MVV Energie AG, GermanyConference: ees Europe, Munich, June 21-22, 2015
Link: https://www.mvv-energie.de/strombank
Sorry, still waiting for approval for publication…
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New Approaches and Solutions Strombank - A Giro Account for Renewables (II)
Source: Presentation: „ Strombank - A Giro Account for Renewable Energy”Dr. Robert Thomann , Innovation Manager , MVV Energie AG, GermanyConference: ees Europe, Munich, June 21-22, 2015
Link: https://www.mvv-energie.de/strombank
Sorry, still waiting for approval for publication…
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New Approaches and Solutions Strombank - A Giro Account for Renewables (III)
Source: Presentation: „ Strombank - A Giro Account for Renewable Energy”Dr. Robert Thomann , Innovation Manager , MVV Energie AG, GermanyConference: ees Europe, Munich, June 21-22, 2015
Link: https://www.mvv-energie.de/strombank
Sorry, still waiting for approval for publication…
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New Approaches and Solutions Lichtblick - SchwarmEnergie
LichtBlick SE
German PSC
Offers 100% Renewables
IP platform „SchwarmDirigent“ connects and controls distributed
PV systems
CHP systems
Home batteries
Loads
Virtual power plant
Source: www.lichtblick.de
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New Approaches and Solutions Research project PV-Wind-Symbiose
Combined control of PV and Wind power plants
Reactive power for the transmissions grids from the distribution grids
Source: Schweer (Mitnetz), www.energieregion-lausitz.de
Today Tomorrow
ActivePower
ReactivePower
ActivePower
ReactivePower
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Conclusions
The Energiewende is a one of today’s largest technical, economical and sociological challenge
Renewables are already or will be soon the cheapest source of energy
Today 50% of the German power capacities are renewable power plants
Germany has scaled its share of renewable up to 25%
Important – sometimes painful - lessons had been learned
New lessons will be learned as the penetration of renewables rises
Markets can develop faster than regulations
During this presentation new PV systems with a capacity of 6 MWp had been installed world-wide!
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Thank you for your attention!
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
Soenke Rogalla
www.ise.fraunhofer.de
www.testlab-pe.de
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Literature
Fraunhofer ISE (www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en)
Energy Charts (www.energy-charts.de)
Recent facts about photovoltaics in Germany (Fact Sheet)
Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany (Fact Sheet)
Photovoltaics Report (Fact Sheet)
Current and Future Cost of Photovoltaics (Study for Agora Energiewende)
Levelized Cost of Electricity (Study, Nov 2013)
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Germany) (www.bmwi.de/en , www.erneuerbare-energien.de )
Renewable Energy at a Glance
2014 Renewable Energy Sources Act
AGEE-Stat (Statistiks about Renewable)
BSW Solar (www.solarwirtschaft.de )
Photovoltaik Fact Sheet