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Energy Efficient MAC Protocols For
Ad Hoc Networks
by
Vanitha SivaSubramaniam
Distributed System Design Professor: Dr. Wu Jie
4/10/2003
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OUTLINE
Ad Hoc Networks Power Consumption Solutions For Power Limited Devices Energy Efficient MAC Protocols Conclusion
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AD HOC NETWORKS
Wireless terminals communicating with one another with no pre-existing infrastructure in place– Infrastructure-less
network
Application– Conferencing– Home networking– emergency
services– sensor networks
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筆記型電腦
筆記型電腦
手提電腦
筆記型電腦
膝上型電腦
iBook
筆記型電腦
筆記型電腦
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Problems in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
Hidden Terminal Exposed Terminal Energy of individual node and of the
network as a whole Mobility
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Power Usage in Different Modes
Model Transmit Receive Standby
GEC Plessey DE6003 2.4 GHz
1.8 W 0.6 W 0.05 W
Lucent’s 15 dBm 2.4 GHz Wavelan radio
1.75 W 1.475W 0.08 W
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Power Consumption in Ad Hoc Networks Wireless hosts are powered by batteries
which provide a limited amount of energy
Third Generation wireless networks carry diverse multimedia traffic – Data, voice and video
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Solutions for Power Limited Devices Low power system design focus on
power usage in CPU, transmitter and receiver embedded in portable devices
Network protocols are designed for energy efficiency
Recent research has been devoted to low-power wireless access protocols like the MAC(Medium Access Protocols)
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Protocol Stack of a Wireless System
Application & Services
OS & Middleware
Network
Data Link
Physical
MAC Protocol
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Functions of Data Link layer
Responsible for wireless link error control
Security (Encryption and Decryption) Mapping network layer packets into
frames Transmission and reception of frames
over the air
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Principles to Conserve Energy at DATA Link (MAC) Level Collision Avoidance Energy Conservation
– Power saving in different mode– Switching between modes
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Medium Access Control Protocol
The MAC protocol simply determines when a node is allowed to transmit its packets and typically controls all access to the physical layer
MAC protocol is responsible for allocating the time frequency space among the mobiles sharing the wireless channel
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DATA Communication in AD Hoc Networks
NODE A (Sender)
NODE B (Receiver)
NODE A Transmitting DATA to NODE B
1
2
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RTS- Request To Send
CTS-Clear To Send
ACK-Acknowledge
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Energy Efficient MAC Protocols MACA Protocols
– MACA ( Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)
– MACA-BI( By Invitation) CSMA Protocols
– DFWMAC (Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC)
– EY-NPMA (Elimination Yield – Non-Preemptive priority Multiple Access)
– DBTMA ( Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access)
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Continue..
Power Conserving MAC Protocols– MARCH (Media Access with Reduced
handshake)– PAMAS (Power–Aware Multi-Access
Protocol with Signaling) Power Control MAC Protocols
– PCM ( Power Control MAC)
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Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA)
Three way handshake, RTS-CTS-DATA Power control feature: Inhibits a
transmitter when a CTS packet is overheard to limit power
Less DATA packet collisions Resolve the hidden terminal and
exposed node problem
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Handshake in MACA
NODE A (Sender)
NODE B (Receiver)
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MACA-BI( By Invitation)
Two way handshake. RTR (Ready To Receive)-DATA
Receiver sends invitation to the sender Reduces transmit/receive turn around
time ( ie., up to 25 microseconds) Less control packet collisions compared
to MACA
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Handshake in MACA-BI
NODE A (Sender)
NODE B (Receiver)
RTR- Ready To Receive
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DFWMAC ( Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC) Four way handshake RTS-CTS-DATA-ACK A sender node waits for DIFS( Distributed
Inter-Frame Space) before making an RTS attempt
A node enters a SIFS ( Short Inter Frame Space) before sending an ACK frame, DATA and CTS
NAC (Network Allocation Vector) indicates the duration of the current transmission
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Four Way Handshaking in DFWMAC
Sender node
Receiver node
Others
RTS
CTS
DIFSDATA
SIFS
SIFSACK
SIFS
NAV(RTS)NAV(CTS)
NAV(DATA)
NAV- Network Allocation Vector
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EY-NPMA (Elimination Yield-Non- Preemptive Priority Multiple Access) The node senses the medium and starts
transmitting if it finds the channel idle Channel busy: The channel access has
three Phases– Prioritization Phase: Priority is decided– Contention Phase : Nodes of same priority
contend and one station wins• Elimination Phase • Yield Phase
– Transmission Phase : DATA transmission
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DBTMA (Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access)
Two channels– Data Channel- Data packets– Control Channel- RTS and CTS
Two out-of-band busy tones– Receive busy tone– Transmit busy tone
Resolve Hidden terminal problem
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Handshake in DBTMA
NODE A (Sender)
NODE B (Receiver)
Receive Busy Tone
Transmit Busy Tone
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MARCH (Media Access with Reduced Handshake)
Less number of handshakes : Reduces the control overhead by reducing the number of RTS’s along the multi-hop path
Exploits overhearing by using omni directional antenna
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Handshake Mechanism in MARCH
RTS1
CTS1CTS1
DATA
DATA
CTS2
DATA
CTS2
A B C D
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PAMAS ( Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol with Signaling) Separate signal channel Conserves battery power : Power off nodes
not transmitting or receiving Wait-for CTS state :
– After a node sends RTS Await DATA state:
– After a node sends a CTS Transmit DATA state:
– After a node gets a CTS Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB): Doubling
wait time in sender node
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Power Control MAC Protocol
Power Control MAC (PCM)– PCM periodically increases the transmit
power to max. power during the DATA packet transmission
– PCM achieves throughput comparable to IEEE 802.11 with less energy
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CB D
A
E
Transmission Range, Carrier Sensing Zone and Carrier Sensing Range
Transmission Range
Carrier Sensing Zone
Carrier Sensing Range
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Power Control MAC (PCM) Source and destination transmit the
RTS and CTS using max. power. Source transmit DATA using a lower
power level Source node periodically transmits
DATA at max. power, to avoid collision
Destination transmits ACK using minimum power required to reach the source node
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A B
DATA
RTS C D
CTS
ACK
DATA Transmission -Power Control MAC Protocol
A BSender Node Receiver Node
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CONCLUSION
Of the many protocols existing only few of them focus on the conservation of battery power
MACA Vs MACA-BI: MACA-BI reduces transmit/receive turn around time, hence saves power while changing the mode– MACA-BI has less control packet collisions
compared to MACA– In CBR ( Constant Bit Rate) traffic MACA-BI has
high efficiency, but in bursty traffic performance degrades compared to MACA
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Continue
DFWMAC Vs EY-NPMA: DFWMAC has more throughput than EY-NPMA [2]
PAMAS : Power saving range 10%-50% [4] without affecting delay or throughput PCM: Power Control MAC requires a
frequent increase and decrease in transmit power, hence implementation difficult [3]
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References1. Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Protocols and Systems, C-K
Toh.
2. Ajay Chandra V.Gummalla and John O. Limb, Georgia Institute of Technology, “Wireless Medium Access Control Protocol”, IEEE communications Survey, 2000.
3. Eun-Sun Jung and Nitin H. Vaidya, “A Power Control MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks”, MOBICOM’02, September 23 – 28, 2002.
4. Suresh Singh and C.S.Raghavendra, “PAMAS-Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol With Signalling for Ad hoc networks”, in ACM Computer Communications Review, July 1998.
5. C-K. Toh, Vasos Vassiliou, Guillermo Guichal and C-H. Shih,”March: A Medium Access Control Protocol for Multihop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks”, Proceedings of IEEE Military Communications Conference( MILCOM), Los Angeles,2000.
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Continue6. Fabrizio Talucci and Mario Gerla, “MACA-BI(MACA By
Invitation): A Wireless MAC Protocol for High Speed Ad Hoc Networking”, Proc. IEEE ICUPC ’97,1997
7. Kyu-Tae Jin and Dong-Ho Cho, “Optimal Threshhold Energy level of Energy Efficient MAC for Energy-limited Ad-hoc Networks, IEEE 2001.
8. Jyh-Cheng Chen, Krishna m. Sivalingam, Prathima Agarwal, and Shalinee kishore, “ A Comparison of MAC Protocols for Wireless Local Networks Based on Battery Power Consumption”, IEEE INFOCOM, Mar. 1998.
9. J. Weinmiller et al., “Performance Study of Access Control in Wireless LAN’s – IEEE 802.11 DFWMAC and ETSI RES 10 HIPERLAN”, Mobile Networks and Application,vol. 2, no1, 1997, pp 55-67.
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