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Dr.GeorgeGougoulidis
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Improve
Technology
ExteriorofshipHull
SuperstructurePropulsioncomponents
Interiorofship
Mainengines
Machinery
Operations
Fuels
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Variable
exhaust
valve
timing Tuning
Derating
Permanentcylinder
cut
out
improved
engine
efficiencyforslowspeedoperation1014%
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Retrofitsolutionforlowloadoptimization Suitableforslowsteamingoperations Adjusts
the
exhaust
valve
timing
between
10
60%
of
load 2 5g/kWfuelsaving IncreasedPmax cylinderpressure
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Optimizes
cylinder
pressure
distribution
1
2% Deltatuning(Wrtsil)forreducedfuel
consumptionintheloadrangethatismost
commonlyused
Tunedforlowerconsumptionatpartload
Wrtsil IntelligentCombustionControl
ensuresoptimal
firing
pressures
fuel
reduction2.5g/kwh
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Longerstrokeengines(MAN
G
type)
low
rpm largepropeller highefficiency
S80engine
78
rpm
G80engine68rpm Potentialsavings47% MANreportshaving
almost200
G
type
enginesonorder(spring2013)
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Cutoutofa
turbochargerforimprovedengine
efficiencyatpart&low
loads
Potentialsavings24%
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Consistsofahigh
pressurefuel
rail
feeding
individual
solenoid/piezoelectric
valves
CommonRailcontrols
combustionsoitcanbe
optimized
at
every
load
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Nosacvolume
LowerHC,
NOx,
particulateandsmoke
emissions
Improvedlow
load
performance
Bettercombustionprocess
Reducedfoulingofgasways,exhaustgas boiler,pistontopland
Nodrips,nooilwaste
Canbe
retrofitted
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Recoversenergyfrom
exhaustgas Convertsthermal
energytoelectricityfor
reducedgenset
consumption
Savingsupto12%
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Addingcertainsubstancestoheavyfueloilcanreduceclumping,modifyviscosity,andmakethefuelmorehomogenous,resultinginimproved
combustionandallowingformoreenergytobe
extracted
Wateremulsionisbasedoninjectingwaterintothefuelortheengine.Emulsifiedfuelsleadtoamore
effectiveatomization
and
abetter
distribution
of
thefuelinthecombustionchamber
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Waterlowerscombustiontemperature LowerNOx
Waterincreasesfluegasmass Increasedpoweroutputofmassflowdevicessuchas
gasturbines
Ashortcombustiontime Lowerexcessoxygenneeded
99%carbon
burnout
Lowparticulateemissions
Minimizespistonfouling
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Multiphase
Superfine
Atomized
Residue
SyntheticFuelOil
Madebycombiningaliquidhydrocarbonwith
waterand
proprietary
additives
Ahighlystablefuelemulsionconsistingof70
80%hydrocarboninwater
Anyliquid
hydrocarbon
can
be
used
Canemulsifyveryheavylowcostresidues
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ENRJ HROHomogenisation System
Neftech Pte LtdProprietaryCavitation
Technology
Nonox Ltd EmulsionCombustionUnit
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76%
of
the
marine
fuel
used
is
Heavy
Fuel
Oil
(HFO)whichhashighsulphur content
TheoptionstocomplywiththeSOx
regulationsare:
Operateonlowsulphur fueloil(MDO,MGO,ULSD)
OperateonHFOwithanexhaustgastreatment
system Operateonalternativefuels:LNG Biodiesel
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LloydsRegister
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Composed
mainly
of
methane,
containing
smallquantitiesofethane,propaneandbutane
Tomaximize
storage
capacities,
natural
gas
is
usuallyrefrigeratedtochangeitsstatetoa
liquid(LiquefiedNaturalGas LNG)
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EliminationofSOx Low
NOx and
particulate
emissions
SavingsfromnothavingtoseparateandheatHFO
LNGcanbeusedtocooltheshipsHVACtosaveAC
compressor
power
Lackofinfrastructureandsupplychainnetwork Gasprovidersandbunkersuppliersunwillingto
invest
in
infrastructure
until
there
is
sufficient
demand thereisnodemandsincethereisnoinfrastructure
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Extremely
low
temperatures
hazards
of
coldburnsoncrewandbrittlenessonstructures
BLEVE
due
to
high
expansion
ratio
~600:1
(a
smallvolumeofliquidcanyieldalarge
amountofgas)
Highflammability
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Wrtsil
34DF
50DF
MANDiesel
&
Turbo
32/40DF(400kW/cylinder)
51/60DF(975kW/cylinder)
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Ottocycleengines
MANDiesel
&
Turbo
51/60G
Wrtsil 34SG&50SG
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TheworldsfirstnewLNG
fuelledtanker
classed
by
LR
6,100dwt dualfuelled
chemicaltanker
L=110
m
Dualfuelsystemdesigned
toburnan80/20mixtureofnaturalgasanddiesel
LNGstored
in
atransport
tanklocatedondeck
DualfuelCaterpillarDF3512
1,115
kW
each
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Thefirstcruiseferrypoweredexclusivelybynaturalgas
In
service
in
the
Norwegian
fjords 4xRolls
Royce
Bergen
B35:40V12PGas
gas
engines,5.400kWeach
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AlternativetoLNG Global
consumption
~45vs ~90millionton
production Advantages
Lowcost:
in
Europe
~$350
/tn
Noneedforcryogenicpressuretanks
Canbeproducedfromnaturalgas,orforestrybiomass
Sustainable,madefromcellulose,doesnotcompetewithfoodsources
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Conversionofmethanetoliquidfuelsismoreexpensive
than
LNG
production
TheGasToLiquids(GTL)process consumesabout30%oftheenergyinthegasvs 10%forthe
LNG
process
Theamountofenergy/ton=2timeslowerthan
thatofHFO
Moretoxic
than
other
fuels
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Specialtankandauxiliaryenginesforthe
methanoltrial
Methanolisconvertedintodimethylether
(DME)priortoinjectionintotheengine
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Anewenginethatenablestheuseofmore
sustainablefuels,
such
as
methanol,
Liquefied
PetroleumGas(LPG) dimethylether (DME),and(bio)ethanolaswellasother,lowflashpoint
fuels MANhassignedaLetterofIntentwith
WaterfrontShippingfortheuseof4MANME
LGI
engines
on
its
ships Theengineswillrunonablendof95%methanol
and5%dieselfuel
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Basedonvegetableoils(camelina,cornetc.)
andanimalfat(tallow)
SignificantlyreducedSOx emissions
Lower
particle
emissions NOx emissionsdependonthefueltype
Enginesmayneedmodifications
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Lowerthermalvalue 5%lessoutputfora4
strokeengine
Lowerenergycontentmeanslargerfuel
tanks
Biofuelproductionhasnotmovedtofull
scale
Moreexpensive
Current
refers
to
2012
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Conflictbetweenthebiofuelandthefood
industry
Thechallengeistofindfeedstocks whichare
sustainable
and
available
at
a
reasonable
cost Additionallandtogrowcropsforbiofuelsis
needed
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TheconsequenceofEUsulphur directivesonthe
supplychain
has
been
that
marine
diesel
oil
will
becontaminatedwithFattyAcidMethylEsters(FAME~biodiesel)
Alreadyusedintheautomotiveindustry Biofuel
trial
on
the
container
vessel
Maersk
Kalmarinoneauxiliaryengine FAMEblendedwithdieselata5%95%ratio(B5)
Results
showed
that
the
biodiesel
for
automotiveapplications
may
not
be
optimal
for
theuseonships
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Builtin2006
Sunkin
2010
Partoftheprojectwasto
breaktheworldrecord
forcircumnavigating
the
globeusingonly
renewablefuels
Theboat's
engines
were
poweredcompletelybybiodiesel
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"FarmtoFleet"collaborationbetweenthe
USNavy and
the US
Department
of
Agriculture(USDA)
The
goal
is
to
be
independent
of
foreign
resources
Advanceddropinbiofuelsblended1050%
withconventional
fuels
Projectedcostby2016
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Notfoundinnatureinitspureform
Producedby
electrolyzing
water,
or
by
reforminghydrocarbonfuels
Production
requires
energy
consumption Ifenergycomesfromrenewablesources,
hydrogenisa100%renewablezerocarbon
fuel Untilrecentlyusedonlyinfuelcellsubmarine
systems
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Theworld'sfirst
hydrogen
powered
ship Launchedin2009 Hydrogenfuelcells
thatgenerate
100
kW
Capacityof100passengers
Operatesoninner
citywaterways
in
Hamburg
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AjointindustryR&D
projectbetween
DNV
andEidesvik Offshore
Offshoresupplyship
VikingLady Thefirsthybrid
propulsionplanttouse
fuelcells
Installedin2009 Fuelcelloutput:330kW
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Itwilltaketimebeforefuelcellsbecomea
competitivealternative
Restrictedbycost Storageofhydrogenonboard Duetothesmallsizeofhydrogenmolecules
therecan
be
leakages
requiresventilationinordertostoptheunavoidableleakagefrombecomingdangerous
Pure
hydrogen
corrodes
metals
maintenance
concerns Lackofinfrastructure
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Intheshort term,LNGisrelativelyeasyto
adoptthanks
to
standards
and
technical
knowledge,despitethechallengesofbuildingLNGinfrastructure
Windand
solar
energy
are
appropriate
auxiliarypowersources Inthemediumandlongterm,biofuelsand
syntheticfuels
have
promise
Intheevenlonger term,hydrogenisseenasanoption
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GreatGreenFleetprojectedfor2016
Demonstrationtook
place in
July 2012
Shipswerepoweredby,eithernuclearorbiofuelblends
Thebiofuelblendswere5050mixturesofbiofuel(made
from
used
cooking
oil
and
algae)
and
petroleumbasedmarinedieseloraviationfuel Thegoalsoftheprogramare:
Reduce
the
dependence
on
oil
based
fuels
by
50%
by
2020 Reducetheconsumptionofenergy
Decreasethedependenceonforeignsourcesofoil
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USSNIMITZ(CVN68)andCarrierAirWing
ELEVEN
USSCHAFEE(DDG90)
USS
CHUNG
HOON
(DDG
93) USSPRINCETON(CG59)
USNSHENRYJKAISER(TAO187)
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Shaftgeneratorsdrivenbythemainengines
Reducetheneedtorunauxiliarygensets
Electricalsystem
requires
fixed
voltage
&
frequency
meaningthatenginespeedhastobeconstant
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Twosolutions:
Powertakeoff(PTO) systemwithfrequencycontrolensuringconstantfrequency
Hybrid systemconditioningthepowerfromshaft
generatorsothatthesupplytotheswitchboardremainsconstantatanyenginespeed
Shaftgeneratormaybeusedasamotor
providingpowertothepropeller
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Benefitfromefficientelectricdriveforcruise
speeds&
cost
effective
mechanical
drive
for
higherspeeds TheelectricdriveallowstheMainDiesel
Generators(MDG)toprovidepowerforthe
shipselectrical
load
and
the
propulsion
motors
ThesemotorsoperateasalternatorswhenrunningontheMainDieselEngines(MDE)athigherspeeds
Theresult
is
fewer
prime
movers,
fewer
engine
runninghoursandalsofueleconomy
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2CPPpropellers
Foreach
shaftline,
1Wrtsil
maindieselengine(ME)and
oneelectricmotor(PTI)are
connectedtoagearbox The
propeller
can
be
driven
bythedieselengine,the
electricmotor,orbyboththe
dieselengineandtheelectricmotor
Themainengineshavea
powertakeoffinthefront
end,
driving
a
shaft
generator
ME GEN
PTI
GEAR
AUX
AUXGEN
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Themainenginecanbeusedasthepropulsionengineatvariablespeed,thepropulsionengineatconstantgeneratorspeed,orasageneratormotordisconnectedfromthepropeller
Thevariable
speed
electric
motors
have
two
nominal
ratings
and
speeds(operatinginparallelwiththedieselengineandoperatingastheonlypropulsionmotor)
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