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Energy Storage Roadmap
- Technology and Institution -
Innovation for Cool Earth Forum (ICEF) Roadmap Launch Event
Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn, Germany
November 14, 2017
Atsushi Kurosawa
The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), JAPAN
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
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1. Energy System Transformation and Energy Storage
2. Energy Storage Roadmap
- Technology and Institution
3. Summaries
Outline
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Current Global Energy System (in 2014)
3 ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Source: Created by the Institute of Applied Energy from the data in ETP 2017, IEA (2017)
Fossil fuel supply
dominant
Transport fueled
by oil products
Low share of
renewable in
power supply
Energy System Transformation in 2060 - 2 degree scenario
4 ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
High share of
renewables in
total supply and
power supply
High share of
electricity and
biofuel in
transport
Cannot be
achieved without
energy storage
technology
innovation
Source: Created by the Institute of Applied Energy from the data in ETP 2017, IEA (2017)
5 ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Why Energy Storage? Roadmap Rationale
ICEF concept pursues long term net-zero emissions through innovation. To assist
the transformation, energy storage will work as one of important enabling
technologies.
Energy storage technology can enhance energy system flexibility. It fills the gap
between electricity and/or heat supply-demand in terms of time and/or space.
Benefits of storage technologies
Improving resource use efficiency
Integrating high level variable renewable resources
End-use sector electrification especially in transport
Supporting production of energy where it is consumed
Increasing energy access
Improving electricity grid stability, flexibility, reliability, and resilience.
Low-carbon supply
Energy storage in demand Low-carbon demand
Energy storage in supply Transformation toward net-
zero emissions
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ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Energy Storage Demand Current Power Storage Capacity
159GW of energy storage are deployed in 2015. 96% is pumped storage hydropower.
For stationary energy storage, it is estimated that 1,365GW are deployed in 2060 in 2DS scenario, while 1,589GW in B2DS scenario.
For mobility battery, it is estimated that about 28TWh are deployed in 2060 in 2DS scenario, while about 62TWh in B2DS scenario.
(Source: ETP2017, IEA)
-100
100
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
1500
1700
RTS 2DS B2DS
GW
2015
2030
2045
2060
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
2010 2015 2030 2045 2060 2015 2030 2045 2060
2DS B2DSG
Wh
All othersectors
EV batteries
Stationary Energy Storage Capacity Battery Storage Capacity (Source: ETP2017, IEA)
RTS: Reference Technology Scenario
2DS: 2 degree C Scenario
B2DS: Beyond 2 degree C Scenario
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Stationary Energy Storage
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Variable renewable power (VRP) share and storage requirement in
power system with technology choices
Total storage capacity
Small
Large
VRP share Small Large
Discharge
duration
Season
Week
Day
Hour
Minute
Second
Unit
scale
Large
Small
Storage alternative (The order varies depending on
technology readiness and region-specific conditions
including power system design policy.)
Dispatchable power supply
Curtailment of VRP output
Demand side adjustment
Transmission network enhancement
Consolidation of balancing areas
Energy carrier conversion
(Source: The Institute of Applied Energy)
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Mobility Energy Storage
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Powertrain choice
Electric vehicles
Energy stored in battery, low-carbon carriers (electricity)
Current issues in transportation electrification
Driving range, heavy weight, space utility
Specific power, energy density, specific energy
Charging time
High power charging
- safety concern of high voltage
- broad conductor for large current
Battery replacement
Road Electrification?
Hydrogen for Fuel Cell Vehicle
Cost reduction?
Vehicle to grid?
Stationary use of used battery?
(Source: IEA, Technology Roadmap EV/PHEV, original source-SAFT )
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Energy Storage Roadmaps - Survey International organizations, national/local governments, industrial associations, etc.
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
太陽光、風力等
Stationary Electric Energy
Storage (for Power System)
Photovoltaics etc.
Lighting
Water heating
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Energy Storage Technologies Focused on Three Energy Storage Technology Categories
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Air conditioning
Stationary Thermal
Storage System
Mobility Electric Energy
Storage (for Transportation)
District heating accumulation
tower of Theiss, Austria
(source: Wikipedia)
EV station
(source: San Diego Gas & Electric ) Energy storage technologies
(Source: IEA, Technology Roadmap Energy Storage)
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Energy Storage for Power System – Technology Status
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Technology Order of
Capacity
(MWh)
Cycle
Efficiency
(%)
Energy
Density
(Wh/l)
Initial
Investment Cost
(USD/kWh)
Initial
Investment Cost
(USD/kW)
Maturity* Discharge Time
Sec. Min. Hr. Day Month
/Season
PSH 100-1,000 50-85 0.1-0.2 250-430 500-4,600 H
CAES** 10-1,000 27-70 2-6 60-130 500-1,500 H
LAES 10-1,000 55-85 N.A. 260-530 900-1,900 M-H
Power to
Hydrogen
10-1,000 22-50 600*** 440-870**** 500-750 M-H
Battery 0.1-100 75-95 20-400 290-2,000 300-3,500 M-H
SMES 0.1-10 90-95 6 700,000 130-520 L-M
Flywheel 0.1 90-95 20-80 7,800-8,800 130-500 M
Capacitor 0.1 90-95 10-20 1,000 130-520 M
(source) summarized by The Institute of Applied Energy from various information sources Stationary Electric Energy Storage
PSH: Pumped-Storage Hydropower
CAES: Compressed Air Energy Storage
LAES: Liquid Air Energy Storage
SMES: Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(notes) * L:Low M:Medium H:High
** Underground Cavern Storage Case
*** 600bar Compressed H2 Case
**** Hydrogen Production Facility Only
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Mobility Energy Storage & Thermal Storage – Technology Status
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
(source) summarized by The Institute of Applied Energy from various information sources
Technology Capacity
(kWh)
Driving Range
(km)
Battery Pack
Cost
(USD/kWh)
Energy
Density*
(Wh/kg)
Life
(Cycles)
Battery Type
HEV, PHEV Battery 5-12 25-68 500-600 70-80 2,000-4,000 Nickel-Metal Hydride
Lithium Ion
EV Battery
11-40** 120-400* 300-400 100-150 500-1,000 Lithium Ion
Mobility Electric Energy Storage
* Battery Pack based Energy Density
** Some EVs employ higher capacity batteries to secure longer cursing distance .
Technology Efficiency (%) Initial Investment Cost
(USD/kW)
Maturity* Application
Ice Storage 75-90 6,000-15,000 H Low temperature application
Pit Storage 50-90 100-300 M Medium temperature application
Underground
Storage
50-90 3,400-4,500 M Long-term Storage
(Seasonal Storage)
Molten Salt 40-93 400-700 L-M High temperature applications
Thermochemical 80-99** 1,000-3,000 L Low, Medium, High temp. applications
(source) summarized by The Institute of Applied Energy from various information sources Stationary Thermal Storage
* L: Low M: Medium
H: High
** Material based Efficiency
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Roadmap for Stationary Electric Energy Storage Technologies
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Compressed Air Energy Storage Plant Overview
(Source: presentation material of Institute of Electrical
Engineers of Japan (IEEJ))
We thank NEDO for supporting the project.
PSH Market Diffusion Support
Market Diffusion Support
Batt
ery
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
(source) summarized by The Institute of Applied Energy from various information sources
Li Ion
Market Diffusion Support Demonstration
CAES Control Optimization / Demonstration
Market Diffusion Support
LAES System Optimization / Scaled-up Plant Demonstration Market Diffusion Support
Power to X* System Demonstration
Redox Flow
NaS
Next Generation Battery (Next Generation Li Ion & Others) Cell/Module System Development
SMES Cooling technology Improvement / Cost Reduction Demonstration Market Diffusion Support
Flywheel Reduction of Frictional Losses / Cost Reduction Demonstration Market Diffusion Support
Capacitor Demonstration Market Diffusion Support High Surface Area Carbon Material Development / Cost Reduction
Market Diffusion Support
Material Developments / Optimization
Market Diffusion Support Cost Reduction System Developments / Optimization
Cost Reduction Market Diffusion Support
PCS** Post Si Device & Module Development Market Diffusion Support
PSH: Pumped-Storage Hydropower
CAES: Compressed Air Energy Storage
LAES: Liquid Air Energy Storage
SMES: Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
* Conversion to Hydrogen is the initial step
toward X in most cases.
** PCS: Power Conditioning System
:Matured, diffusion through mass production
:Technology R&D
Market Diffusion Support
Market Diffusion Support
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Roadmap for Mobility Electric Energy Storage Technologies
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Lithium Ion Battery
New materials Development / Optimization Market Diffusion Support
Cell/Module System Development
EV Technology
PHEV Target
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
:Matured, diffusion through mass production
:Technology R&D
(source) summarized by The Institute of Applied Energy from various information sources
Energy Density: Battery System Cost*:
250Wh/kg $180/kWh
Energy Density: Battery System Cost:
250Wh/kg <$180/kWh
EV Target
Cell Material
Mass Production New Process Establishment / Cell Design Optimization
Market Diffusion Support
Post Lithium Ion Battery
All-solid-state Lithium Battery Market Diffusion Support
Demonstration / Optimization
Metal Air Battery (M=Zn, Li, Mg, Al etc.)
Basic Research Cell Development
Demonstration Market Diffusion Support
500Wh/kg <$90/kWh
<$45/kWh
PCS Post Si Device & Module Development Market Diffusion Support
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Roadmap for Stationary Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Pit Storage in Vojens, Denmark
(source: courtesy from Prof. Furbo, DTU)
Ice Storage Market Diffusion Support
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
:Matured, diffusion through mass production
:Technology R&D
(source) summarized by The Institute of Applied Energy from various information sources
Pit Storage Demonstration
Underground Storage
System Optimization / System Evaluation
Market Diffusion Support
Molten Salt
Thermochemical Phase Change Material Development Demonstration Market Diffusion Support
Market Diffusion Support Material Developments / Optimization
Market Diffusion Support
Market Diffusion Support Market Diffusion Support
Public Support and Institution
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
(source) summarized by The Institute of Applied Energy from various information sources
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Stationary Thermal Energy Storage
Promotion of district heating system
Stationary Electric Energy Storage
Diversification of power transaction market
Power storage mandates
Deregulation of grid connection guideline
Provision of safety related guideline
Mobility Electric Energy Storage
Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEB) policies
Availability of charging infrastructure
Provision of safety related guideline
Research and development Financial incentives
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Summaries
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Stationary Electric Energy Storage
Enabling technology for large share variable renewable power
Should be designed in flexibility technology portfolio
Market and institution to recover storage investment
Mobility Electric Energy Storage
Enabling technology for transportation electrification
Can work as stationary storage via grid connection
Issues remains in charging, high energy density material, etc.
Stationary Thermal Energy Storage
Can store renewable-based or environmental heat
Market creation - Different heat demand by regional conditions
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Way Forward
ICEF Roadmap Launch Event, Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC/COP23, Bonn Germany, November 14, 2017
Welcome your comments and feedback to energy storage
roadmap on the website