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Energy Use – Past, Present, Future
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Pollen RecordsC = Cereals, Shading = Woodland clearing
© A New History of the Isle of Man Vol 1
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In the beginning…
Celtic Round House
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A History of the Isle of Man, AW Moore
Blundell (1648) noted, “I could not observe one tree to be in any place but what grew in gardens – there is so great scarcity even of birch, as that the mercers in Man…when they come into England for other commodities, they buy up our birch brooms, and of them they make rods and sell them to parents to correct their children, and schoolmen to discipline their scholars.”
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Early Tree Legislation
• 1629 “Anyone who cuts down trees, except on his own ground, should be fined 10 shillings”
• 1667 “Anyone committing the same offence must plant five or ten trees, according to whether it was the first or second offence, for each tree cut by him.”
• Fines and imprisonment on this account were also imposed by the Acts of 1753, 1758 and 1817.
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19/20 C Curraghs
Alfred Heaton Cooper Watercolour, Ballaugh Curragh published 1909
Left: Turf cutting, Ballaugh Curragh, 1880-1890. Near Quarry Bends (?)
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1945 and recent Aerial Photo’s
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Last Remaining Turbary PlotBeinn-y-Phott
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Peak Cutting Plots
24-30 cartloads for a cottage
40 for a farmhouse
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Glen Helen
~1880 Photographs of Glen Helen
Note how young trees are
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Groudle Glen, aka Fern Glen
Groudle Glen ~1893
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© F.Coakley , 2005
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Veteran Trees
Block Eary Valley
Valley above the Corrany
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© MNH
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Laxey lades
Lade at Ballacowle Farm
R Lade from Snaefell Mine to dam above Agneash
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Schematic of Water Use at Laxey Mines
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Laxey Wheel –1880 Turbine
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Cronkbourne
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Cronkbourne
Interior of Clucas's Laundry c. 1913© Manx Notebook, F Coakley
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Towns Gas
Initially for street lighting, then home supply• Produced in Douglas, Castletown, Port St Mary,
Ramsey and Peel• Each made gas from coal• Coal gas generation finally ceased 1971 when Port St
Mary closed.• UK changed to natural gas in 1970’s• IOM Supply changed to LPG/Air mixture
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Frankenstein’s Factory - Laxey
• Mercury Arc Rectifier-1935• Needed by MER when connected
to Public supply • Converts AC current from the
Island's supply to the DC current needed by the railway
• Prior to this MER had Power Stations at Derby Castle, Laxey, Bungalow and Ballaglass.
© Manx Heritage Foundation
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IOM Power Stations
• Late 19th Century – private generation, eg MER.• 1923 N Quay Oil PS (to 1951) – 250kW• 1929 Pulrose Coal PS (to 1970) – • Heavy Fuel Oil generation at Peel (1950) and Douglas (1959) • Later changes were to convert to Diesel• Most recent changes have been to connect to Nat Gas, and
add Energy from Waste plant• Current Generation Capacity >180MW (720 times 1923 level)
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Pulrose Power Station, ~1933
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Observed TrendsDomestic: Domestic energy consumption has increased gradually along with the rise in the number of
households. According to the House Condition Survey (2007/2008), there have been significant improvements in
domestic energy efficiency between 2002 and 2008. Considerable scope still exists for insulation improvements including loft and wall insulation and
draught-proofing.
Government: Energy use by the Government sector has increased significantly, however has recently started to
level off. Energy usage peaked in 2005/2006 reaching 171GWh, however dropped to 164GWh in 2008/2009. Principal reason for growth in energy usage has been the growth in infrastructure and building
ownership under Government, therefore increasing demand by Government estates. Net government emissions are down 16.5% since 2004/5
Commercial Between 1996 and 2005 energy usage increased by nearly 100GWh Energy demand expected to remain stable for next few years, then expected to increase as the DTI
will be targeting industry much more intensely, including attending some major industry trade shows to promote the Island as a base for businesses, including Clean Tech as a business sector
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Electricity Apportionment
Isle of Man UK
CO2 Emissions = 0.43kgCO2/kWh17% cleaner than UK Grid
C02 Emissions = 0.52kgCO2/kWh(DUKES 2009)
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Cost Resource – Total Electricity
A way to compare a range of options and their relative costs and outputsCurrent IOM Electricity demand ~400GWh/y
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Co
st o
f E
lect
rcit
y (£
/MW
h)
Annual Electrcity Production (GWh/y)
Onshore wind
AD
CHP (commercial buildings)
Offshore wind
Small wind - public buildings
Small hydro
Solar PV
Micro CHP
Small wind - residential
Tidal lagoons
Wave
Energy ef f iciency, domestic, elec
Onshore Wind
Anaerobic Digestion
CHP (non-domestic)
Offshore Wind
Small Wind – public sector
Small Hydro
Solar PV
Micro CHP
Small wind – domestic
Tidal lagoons
Wave
Energy Effic, domestic
Annual Electricity Production (GWh/y)
Cost of Electricity (£/GWh)
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Cost Resource – Total Heat
Contributions and costs of range of Renewable Heat technologiesTotal IOM Gas Space heating need is ~1000GWh/y
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Co
st o
f H
eat
(£/M
Wh
)
Annual HeatProduction (GWh/y)
Biomass commercial & industrial
Biomass domestic
Heat pumps
Solar thermal
Energy Ef f iciency (commercial)
Energy Ef f iciency (domestic)
Biomass – Large Boilers
Biomass – Domestic
Heat Pumps
Solar Hot Water
Energy Effic -Commercial
Energy Effic - Domestic
Cost of Heat (£/GWh)
Annual Heat Production (GWH/y)
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Woodchip
• DEFA Plantations cover 3,000 hectares
• This could supply over 10,000 tonnes of woodchip each year
• Cost effective and fully sustainable
DEFA HQ Woodchip Boiler
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Take Home Messages
• Mans arrival has significantly changed the landscape of IOM, from a heavily wooded landscape.
• No local coal meant other sources of energy were used in its place: wood and peat, and later water
• In recent decades nearly all householders have had huge lifestyle improvements – fridge, central heating, cars , foreign holidays
• We now import nearly all the energy to meet our energy needs, but there are a range of options to become more self-sufficient again