Eric M. Stuve
Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Washingtonhttp://faculty.washington.edu/stuve/
Energy - What are theEnergy - What are theTechnical, Economic, andTechnical, Economic, and
Political Implications ofPolitical Implications ofMeeting our Basic EnergyMeeting our Basic Energy
Needs?Needs?How Do WeHow Do We
UseUse Energy? Energy?
IndustryIndustry CommercialCommercial
ResidentialResidential TransportationTransportation
http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/
Where Where Does Does OurOurEnergy Come From?Energy Come From?
http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/
Fossil FuelsFossil FuelsOilOil
CoalCoal
Natural GasNatural Gas
NuclearNuclear
http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/
and solar, too!and solar, too!
RenewablesRenewables
http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/
WindWind
HydroHydroBiofuelsBiofuels
How Much Energy Do We Use?How Much Energy Do We Use?
Oil 40%Oil 40%
Coal 23%Coal 23%
Nat. Gas 23%Nat. Gas 23%
Nuclear 8%Nuclear 8%Renewables Renewables 6%6%
98 Quads Total
1 Quad
= 1 Quadrillion Btu
= 1015 BtuUS DOE, Annual EnergyReview, 2003
Supplying Our NeedsSupplying Our Needs
Oil 40%Oil 40%
Coal 23%Coal 23%
Nat. Gas 23%Nat. Gas 23%
Nuclear 8%Nuclear 8%Renewables Renewables 6%6%
98 Quads TotalResidential 22%
Commercial 18%
Transport. 27%
Industry 33%
US DOE, Annual Energy Review, 2003
Energy DiversityEnergy Diversity
• Energy Diversity: the ability to …– Use an energy source for every application– Supply an application by all energy sources
• Good energy diversity– Allows the market to optimize energy costs– Promotes competition among energy providers– Promotes efficient energy usage– Promotes new resource development– Is politically neutral– Increases national and worldwide stability– Benefits the environment (see energy efficiency)
The Importance of EnergyThe Importance of Energy
• Energy is essential in sustaining life– Second only to food in importance
• Threatened with loss of energy people will …– Go to war– Engage in extreme business practices– Scavenge energy from any and all sources
• Energy is inherently political,– And dealing with energy can lead to strange
behaviors
Energy MythsEnergy Myths
• We are running out of oil– This will never happen, BUT– We will abandon oil when it costs too much
• We must stop using fossil fuels– And how will we supply 85% of our energy needs?– Use the fossil fuels now and develop the next energy
resource
• People need to conserve energy– People don’t use energy; people’s machines do– People can waste energy, and ought to stop!
Return to Our ProblemReturn to Our Problem……
• Good energy diversity for…– Residential– Commercial– Industrial
• Poor energy diversity for transportation– 66% of energy from oil used for transportation– 95% of transportation energy comes from oil
Nat. Gas22.51
Coal22.70
Renew6.10
Nuclear7.97
Oil39.08 Source
Industrial32.54
Commercial17.59
Residential21.47
Transportation26.75
Sector
The Weakest Link:The Weakest Link:Oil & TransportationOil & Transportation
• Why the extreme dependence oftransportation on oil?
• Transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel,kerosene) optimized for energy density
• Oil has the highest fraction of these fuels• Vehicles designed to run on transport. fuels
Select a FuelFuel \ HHV kJ/mol MJ/kg MJ/liter* kJ/mol CO2
H2 286 142 1.73 ∞
CH4 890 55.5 0.04 / 24.0 890
CH3OH 638 19.9 15.8 638
C2H5OH 1235 26.8 21.2 618
Glucose 2814 15.6 24.3 469
Gasoline 46.8 34.1 ≈ 600
Kerosene 45.9 37.6 ≈ 600
Coal, bit. 27 21 < 600
*H2: at 2200 psi; CH4: at STP and as LNG; Glucose: solidHHV (LHV): Higher (lower) heating value [water as liquid(vapor)]
Other Sources forOther Sources forTransport FuelsTransport Fuels
• Coal– Coal gasification to synthesis gas (CO & H2)– Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to liquid fuels– Used in wartime, but otherwise uneconomical
• Natural gas– Steam reform methane to synthesis gas (CO & H2)– Gas-to-liquids (GTL) fuels processing (see coal)
• Nuclear energy– Provide reforming energy for natural gas
• Renewables– Biofuels
Develop a New Develop a New ““FuelFuel””
• For optimum energy diversity we seek– A fuel that can be made from all energy sources– A means to use that fuel in transportation vehicles
• Two possible fuels:– Electricity– Hydrogen
Electric VehiclesElectric Vehicles
• All energy sources, current and future, canproduce electricity
• Good electrical distribution network exists– But needs expansion to handle transportation
• Electric cars limited by battery technology– Current batteries too heavy (Pb acid) or too
expensive (Li-ion)
• Gas-electric or diesel-electric hybrids are goodbridge technologies
Toyota Toyota PriusPrius
http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/
Hydrogen VehiclesHydrogen Vehicles
• All energy sources can be used to makehydrogen
• Essentially no H2 distribution network– $1–2 million per mile of H2 pipeline– 10–20% losses to pumping/compression
• Keep existing liquid fuels network– Install reformers at filling stations– Consumer has choice of liq. fuel or H2
• Fuel cell technology still expensive– But could use re-tuned internal combustion engines
Hydrogen from…Fossil Fuels:
Extraction (oil, coal, nat. gas)Sulfur removalReforming (energy intensive)CO removal (< 50 ppm for PEM)
ElectrolysisBio-derived fuelsBiomass gasification/pyrolysis
1.752.10Biomass
Bio-fuels
Electrol.(Effic.)
Nat. Gas
3.606.70
1.86(75%)
2.57(62%)
1.505.00
2010 $/gge H2
Current$/gge H2
gge: gallon of gasoline equivalent
U.S. Department of Energy, “Hydrogen, Fuel Cells &Infrastructure Technologies Program Multi-Year Research,Development and Demonstration Plan” (2005).
Fuel ProcessingFuel Processing
Fuel ReformingFuel Reforming
Sulfurremoval
Reformer
High Tshift
Low Tshift
COremoval
Raw Fuel
H2 Reformateto fuel cell
Vaporizer(liq. fuels)
Ballard Bus (250 hp)
www.ballard.com
Excide fuel cell “Racer”, 1960
from the Science Service Historical Images Collection
Allis-Chalmers fuel cell tractor, 1959Allis-Chalmers fuel cell tractor, 1959
from theScience ServiceHistorical Images
Collection
Union CarbideUnion Carbide’’ssKarl Karl Kordesch Kordesch &&his alkaline fuelhis alkaline fuelcell motorcycle,cell motorcycle,
19671967
from theScience ServiceHistorical Images
Collection
Hydrogen RefuelingHydrogen Refueling
http://www.shell.com/static/hydrogen-en/downloads/pictures/new_york_large.jpg
UTC Fuel Cells - Hyundai Sante FeUTC Fuel Cells - Hyundai Sante Fe
http://www.utcfuelcells.com/transportation/index.shtm
UTC Fuel Cells - Nissan X-TrailUTC Fuel Cells - Nissan X-Trail
http://www.utcfuelcells.com/transportation/index.shtm
Nissan FC X-Trail SpecsNissan FC X-Trail Specs
Overall length/width/height(mm)
4,465 x 1,765 x 1,790
Seating capacity 5
Vehicle
Top speed (km/h) 125 (speed reported to theMinistry of Land,Infrastructure andTransport)
Type Coaxial motor withintegrated speed reductiongear
Motor
Max. power (kW) 58Fuel cell Solid polymer electrolyte
typeFuel cellstack
Supplier UTC Fuel Cells (UTCFC,USA)
Storagebattery
Battery type Lithium-ion battery
Fuel type Compressed hydrogen gasFuelingsystem Max. charging pressure
(MPa)35
http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/STORY/0,1299,SI9-CH177-LO3-TI707-CI550-IFY-MC109,00.html
UTC Fuel Cells - BMW (APU)UTC Fuel Cells - BMW (APU)
http://www.utcfuelcells.com/transportation/index.shtm
GM fuel cell trailer at Dow Freeport Texas facility. This trailer israted for 75 kW, but the system will be expanded to produce 35MW of electrical power, enough to satisfy about 2% of Dow’sTexas operations.http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/500_stationary/index.html
HH22 Production and Fuel Cells Production and Fuel Cells CaliforniaCalifornia’’s Hydrogen Highways Hydrogen Highway
http://www.hydrogenhighway.ca.gov/
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
• National Renewable Energy LaboratoryPicture Exchangewww.nrel.gov/data/pix/
• US Dept. of Energy, Annual EnergyReview, 2003
• Hal Wallace, Smithsonian Institutionwww.fuelcells.si.edu