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Engineering Winter Storage Facilities for Vegetable
Crops
Stephen Belyea Maine Department of Agriculture,
Food, and Rural Resources
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Storage is NOT a Hospital:
• Do our best to maintain crop quality and minimize weight loss.
• Deliver the best possible product to our customers.
• Maximize returns.
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The Three Most Important Factors For Successful Winter Storage of
Vegetables:
• Clean and dry. • Free of Disease. • Free from Harvest Injury.
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Storage is a period of rest: Not too warm, not too cool. Not too humid, not too dry. Just right!
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Vegetables Respire in Storage
H2O
CO2
O2
Heat Pathogens
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Crop
Bulk Density # / cu.ft.
Storage Temp. Deg. F
Relative Humidity
%
Airflow Cfm/cwt
Heat of Respiration Btu/ton/day
Time
months
Onions 46 32 – 45 70 - 75 2.0 – 2.5 900 - 2500 1 - 8
Garlic 43 32 – 50 60 - 70 2.0 – 2.5 900 – 3100 6 - 7
Carrots 40 32 – 35 90 – 98 0.5 – 1.0 800 – 1400 5 - 6
Squash 40 40 – 55 50 – 70 1.5 – 2.0 5000 – 7500
4 - 6
Beets 48 32 - 40 90 – 98 0.5 – 1.0 1200 – 1900
4 - 6
Potato 40 38 - 45 95 - 100 1.0 – 1.5 800 - 2000 12
Rutabaga 40 32 – 35 98 – 100 1.0 – 1.5 1,500 4 - 6
Cabbage 36 32 – 38 98 - 100 1.0 – 1.5 1,000 5 - 6
Vegetable Storage Guidelines
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Three General Storage Conditions
Cool and Dry – onion and garlic Cool and Humid – carrot, beet, cabbage, rutabaga, potato Warm and Dry - squash
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What is a Well Designed Facility ?
Constructed to make interior environmental management possible and effective. Insulation to help maintain temperature (warm or cool) with minimal heating or cooling requirement. – Wall R-19 or better (6 in. f.g. / 4 in. styro) – Ceiling R-30 or better (10 in. f.g. / 6 in.
styro)
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What is a Well Designed Facility ?
Insulation protected from physical damage and moisture. Structurally sound. Tight sealing doors to minimize infiltration.
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How do we maintain optimum storage conditions?
Well Designed facility – allows you to easily and efficiently maintain the desired environment. Ventilation and Refrigeration. Basic controls and equipment for managing the storage environment.
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Factors in Effective Storage Environment Control
Predictable storage space conditions – Relatively air tight – Insulated – Protected from weather extremes – Not subject to water infiltration
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Well Designed Storage – Factors That Determine
the Heating or Cooling Load in a Storage
Heat loss or gain through the structure – CONDUCTION. Air infiltration from outside - CONVECTION. HEAT OF RESPIRATION from the stored crop. Heat produced by equipment and lights.
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Conduction – Example Storage Unit
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Major Question: Insulate or Not Insulate?
or How Much Insulation?
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Frame or Panel Construction
Outside – 5F Inside – 40F On concrete slab
(ground temp.)
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Estimated Heat Loss by Conduction
with No Insulation
Building components (R-1) Est. heat loss = 28,700 Btu / Hr. 3,412 Btu / Kw (8.4 Kw @ $0.16 / Kwh = $32.00 / day)
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Insulated Storage Unit
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Estimated Heat Loss by Conduction - WITH Insulation
Insulation Btu / Hr Kw $Cost /Day None 28,700 8.4 32.00 R-10 2,872 0.85 3.36 R-20 1,556 0.46 1.77 R-30 1,117 0.33 1.26
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15 F
Out
Inside - 40 F
95% RH
Temperature
Decreases
Water Vapor
F. G. Insulated Wall - Heating
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15 F
Out
Inside - 40 F
95% RH
Temperature
Decreases
Water Vapor
F. G. Insulated Wall - Heating
Vapor Barrier
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Outside 75 F
70% RH 40 F Inside
Temperature
Decreases
Water Vapor
F.G. Insulated Wall - Cooling
Where Should the
Vapor Barrier Be??
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In-ground Storage - Protection From Extremes -
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In-Ground Storage
Inside - 40F Outside – 5F Ground temp – 50F
40F 50F
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In-ground Storage Est. Cooling Load
Insulation Btu / Hr Tons Refrig.
Cost per Day $
None 4,960 0.41 1.43
R-10 992 0.08 0.29
R-20 616 0.05 0.17
R-30 491 0.04 0.14
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Factors in Effective Storage Environment Control
Predictable storage space conditions: Mechanicals: – Fan – Cooler – Humidifier – Heater – Controls
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Moving Air Into and Within the Storage
for Cooling
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Cooling / Ventilating with Outside Air
Most economical cooling method. Amount of cooling air required will vary significantly from day to day and week to week as outside air temperatures vary and as cooling load in the storage locker changes. Requires at least minimal controls.
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Ventilation
Summer and early Fall – remove Field Heat and Heat of Respiration. – Usually requires refrigeration – Usually short term storage.
Late Fall and Winter – remove heat of respiration. Also have to consider heat gain through structure.
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Shell Ventilation
Cools inside of locker or storage room. Produce relies on air circulation through room and around bins / bags. Generally need 0.25 – 0.50 cfm / cwt of stored product … or 4 to 8 air changes per hour (fan output @ 0.25 in. s.p.). Multiple fans or variable speed fans are most effective for varying conditions.
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Fresh Air Intake and Exhaust
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Pallet Boxes Stacked in Storage Unit
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What Are Basic Controls and Equipment?
Temperature sensor with readout Thermostats Heaters Humidification equipment Relative humidity sensing Air handling
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2 3 4 5 1
1 – 24 hr. timer
2 – Low Limit Thermostat
3 – Inside Temperature Thermostat
4 – Outside Temperature Thermostat
5 – On / Off Switch
Ventilation
Fan
Basic Ventilation Control Panel Components
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Prototype Basic Ventilation Control Panel
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Modern Computer Based Ventilation Control
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Ventilation Fan 0.25 – 0.5 cfm / cwt
or 4 to 8 AC / Hr.
(Fan Capacity @ 0.25 in. s.p.)
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Motorized Fresh Intake Damper
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Air Handling Unit
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Adding Humidity
- almost always required for long term storage
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Portable Humidifier
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Centrifugal Humidifier
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Evaporative
Media
Humidifier
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Evaporative Media Humidifier
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Evaporative Cooler = Humidifier + Cooler
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Humidity Sensing
- Sometimes a Difficult Task -
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Hygrometer
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Digital
Psychrometer
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Electronic
Humidity
Control
- Only as good
as the sensor.
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Electronic Humidity Sensor - Used with Commercial Ventilation
Control Panel
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Power Psychrometer
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Adding Heat
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Electric Space Heater
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Refrigeration
Eliminates / minimizes vagaries of outside conditions or harvest temperatures. Requires more involved calculation of heat removal.
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Calculating Cooling Load
Contributors to cooling load: – Field heat – Heat of respiration – Heat gain through structure – Use Excel calculator or formulas in
Refrigeration Manual
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Cooling Load Calculations
12 x 20 storage room with 8 ft. ceiling 4 in styrofoam in ceiling and walls 2 in. styrofoam under concrete slab 1 pass door 3’ x 7’ Minimal traffic through door Minimal lighting 40F inside 75F outside / ground temperature 50F
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Cooling Load - Structure
Q = A dT / R Walls – A = (20+20+12+12) x 8 = 512 s.f. – dT = 75F outside – 40F inside = 35F – R = 20
Qw = 512 x 35 / 20 = 896 btu/hr. Ceiling – A = (12 x 20) = 240 s.f.
Qc = 240 x 35 / 20 = 420 btu/hr.
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Cooling Load - Structure
Floor – A = (12 x 20) = 240 s.f.
Qf = 240 x 10 / 5 = 480 btu / hr. Door – A = (3 x 7) = 21 s.f.
Qd = (3 x 7) x 35 / 7.5 = 98 Summary – Walls + ceiling + floor + door = 896 + 420 + 480 + 98 = 1894 btu / hr
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Cooling Load – Field Heat
500 # corn @ 70F Specific heat = 0.79 Qfh = MCdT (btu/day) – M = mass = 500 # – C = specific heat = 0.79 btu/lb.-F – dT = 24 temperature drop = 30F
Qfh = 500 x 0.79 x 30 = 11,850 btu / day Qfh = 494 btu / hr.
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Cooling Load – Heat of Respiration
Qr = MK – M = mass (tons) – K = respiratory heat production (btu/ton-
day) Qr = (500 # / 2,000 #/ton) x 20,000 = 0.25 x 20,000 = 5,000 btu / day = 208 btu / hr
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Cooling Load - Infiltration
Qi = (ho – hi) x VN / 13.5 – ho and hi are enthalpy values for outside
and inside air (get values from Table 9). – V = volume of room = 1,920 c.f. – N = number of air changes per hour = 0.25 – 13.5 = ave. specific volume of air, c.f. / lb.
Qi = (38.62-15.23) x 1,920 x 0.25 / 13.5 = 832 btu / hr.
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Cooling Load – Summary
Total cooling load = structure + field heat + heat of respiration + infiltration = 1894 + 563 + 208 + 832 = 3,497 btu / hr.
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Refrigeration Sizing
Refrigeration sizing = calculated cooling load x Service Factor x Defrost Factor = 3,497 btu / hr. x 1.1 x 1.1 = 4,615 btu / hr. 1 ton of refrigeration = 12,000 btu / hr. Approx. 1 – 1.25 hp / ton of refrigeration
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Common Household Air Conditioner
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Common Household Air Conditioner
+ Cool Bot
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Small Scale Refrigeration Condensing Unit
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Commercial Refrigeration Evaporator
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Wall Mounted Refrigeration
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Other Considerations
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Easy Access: -Wide door
-Low threshhold
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Easy Access / Easy Clean Up
Well Lighted
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Cabbage in Controlled Storage - Racks Increase Storage Capacity -
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Pallet Jack for Handling and Loading Dock
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Reference Resources
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NRAES 22 WAS Available
from MidWest
Plan Service
www.mwps.org
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USDA – Agriculture Handbook 66
The Commercial Storage of
Fruits,Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks
www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66
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Squash in Controlled Storage -Any Questions?-
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Unity College College / Community Root Cellar
Completed December 2011
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Custom Storage Boxes Gravel Floor to be Concrete
Floor Drain in Center
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Unity College Root Cellar 2 Compartments
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Unity College Root Cellar Student / Staff Project
Dedication Day
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How to Estimate Storage Space Requirements
or
How to Estimate the Capacity of Your Storage Area
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Sizing a Storage Unit
Assume that the bulk density is approximately 40 lbs. / cu.ft. Only 75% of floor space is usable. Good air circulation. Leave space for easy access to different products. Shelves or pallets increase the total capacity by more efficient space utilization.
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Pallet Box Example
Measurements – 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 3 ft. = 48 cu. ft. • Potatoes – 40 lbs. / cu. ft. • 48 cu. ft. x 40 lbs. / cu. ft. = 1,920 lbs.
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Research Box Example
Measurements – 12 in. x 12 in. x 15 in. (net inside dimensions) = 2,160 sq. in. 2,160 sq. in. / 1,728 c.i. per cu.ft.
= 1.25 cu. ft. Potatoes = 40 lb. / cu. ft. 1.25 cu.ft. x 40 pcf = 50 lbs.
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Bags on Pallets
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