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English 306A; Harris 1
Words
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English 306A; Harris 2
Lexicalization
EnglishAirplane spoon
FrenchCuillère en forme d'avion
GermanFlugzeuglöffel
Bird-like-machine-shaped-concave-instrument-for-eating-with
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English 306A; Harris 3
Lexicalization
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English 306A; Harris 4
Symbolicity A mode defined by relationship of arbitrariness,
convention, and learning
dog (English)
chien (French)
Hund (German)
perro (Spanish)
leécaa’l (Navajo)
kurii (Maori)
mbwa (Swahili)
khwei (Burmese)
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English 306A; Harris 5
Quiz
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English 306A; Harris 6
“Arbitrariness” of symbols
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English 306A; Harris 7
“Arbitrariness” of symbols
Telephone words• Ring• Dial• Hang up
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English 306A; Harris 8
Where words come from
quark, googol, hobbit, gollum, …
From the imagination
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English 306A; Harris 9
Where words come from
meow, bang, crackle, sploosh, ring, …
From the world
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English 306A; Harris 10
Iconicity — Sound
Ring, rang, rungSplish, splash,
sploosh, slosh, slush, sleet
Doggie, kitty, itty bitty, teeny weenie
Cock-a-doodle-do (English), cocorico (Spanish), kikeriki (German)
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English 306A; Harris 11
accused, addiction, aerial, alligator, amazement, anchovies, assassination, auspicious, backing, bandit, baseless, beached, bedroom,
besmirch, bet, blanket, bloodstained, blushing, bump, buzzers, cake, cater, champion, circumstantial, compromise, consanguineous,
courtship, cow, critic, dauntless, dawn, deafening, denote, deracinate, design, dialogue, dickens, discontent, disgraceful, dislocate, divest,
domineering, drug, dwindle, elbow, embrace, employer, engagements, enmesh, enrapt, epileptic, equivocal, eventful, excitements, exposure, eyeball, fashionable, film, fixture, foregone, forward, frugal, futurity, generous, gloomy, glow, gnarled, gossip, grovel, gust, hint, hobnob, humour, hurry, hush, immediacy, impedes, importantly, inaudible,
instinctively, investments, invulnerable, jaded, jet, jig, juiced, kickshaws, label, lackluster, lapse, laughable, leapfrog, lonely, lower, luggage,
lustrous, madcap, majestic, manager, marketable, mimic, misgiving, misquote, monumental, mountaineer, negotiate, nervy, noiseless, numb,
obsequiously, ode, olympian, oscene, outbreak, pageantry, pander, partner, pedant, perusal, petition, premeditated, promethean, puke,
quarrelsome, questioning, radiance, rancorous, rant, reclusive, reinforcement, remorseless, retirement, reword, rival, roadway,
rumination, sacrificial, sanctimonious, savagery, scuffles, secure, shudders, softhearted, splitting, stealthy, submerge, swagger, switch,
tardiness, threateningly, tightly, torture, traditional, tranquil, transcendence, trippingly, unaware unclog, unmitigated, unreal, urging,
varied, vaulting, viewless, watchdog, widowed, wormhole, worthless, yelping, zany
Where words come from
From other words
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English 306A; Harris 12
accused, addiction, aerial, alligator, amazement, anchovies, assassination, auspicious, backing, bandit, baseless, beached, bedroom,
besmirch, bet, blanket, bloodstained, blushing, bump, buzzers, cake, cater, champion, circumstantial, compromise, consanguineous,
courtship, cow, critic, dauntless, dawn, deafening, denote, deracinate, design, dialogue, dickens, discontent, disgraceful, dislocate, divest,
domineering, drug, dwindle, elbow, embrace, employer, engagements, enmesh, enrapt, epileptic, equivocal, eventful, excitements, exposure, eyeball, fashionable, film, fixture, foregone, forward, frugal, futurity, generous, gloomy, glow, gnarled, gossip, grovel, gust, hint, hobnob, humour, hurry, hush, immediacy, impedes, importantly, inaudible,
instinctively, investments, invulnerable, jaded, jet, jig, juiced, kickshaws, label, lackluster, lapse, laughable, leapfrog, lonely, lower, luggage,
lustrous, madcap, majestic, manager, marketable, mimic, misgiving, misquote, monumental, mountaineer, negotiate, nervy, noiseless, numb,
obsequiously, ode, olympian, oscene, outbreak, pageantry, pander, partner, pedant, perusal, petition, premeditated, promethean, puke,
quarrelsome, questioning, radiance, rancorous, rant, reclusive, reinforcement, remorseless, retirement, reword, rival, roadway,
rumination, sacrificial, sanctimonious, savagery, scuffles, secure, shudders, softhearted, splitting, stealthy, submerge, swagger, switch,
tardiness, threateningly, tightly, torture, traditional, tranquil, transcendence, trippingly, unaware unclog, unmitigated, unreal, urging,
varied, vaulting, viewless, watchdog, widowed, wormhole, worthless, yelping, zany
Where words come from
From other words
SemasiologicalPermutations of
formborrowingcombiningreducing(converting)
OnomasiologicalPermutations of meaning
metaphoricmetonymicspecializationgeneralization
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English 306A; Harris 13
Where words come from
Semasiological processes
borrowingcombining
morphological (tune in later)compounding acronyms/abbreviationsblending
reducingclippingacronyms/abbreviationsblending
(converting)
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English 306A; Harris 14
Semasiological processes
Borrowing
skunkchocolatepyjamasbungalotyphoontofubananabanjojazz…
The form inevitably changes (to accommodate the borrowing language’s phonology), and the meaning also shifts in various ways
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English 306A; Harris 15
Semasiological processes--combining
Compounds
airplane
fire engine
greenhouse
tie-in
blackboard
wet suit
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English 306A; Harris 16
Semasiological processes--combining
Compounds
Stress patterns
(like single words, not multiple words)
Orthographic possibilities
Glued together
Hyphenated
Nothing (just stress)
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English 306A; Harris 17
Semasiological processes--reducing
Clipping
professorhamburgerdemonstrationfacsimilesubmarine sandwichdelicatessanworld wide webinternet
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English 306A; Harris 18
Semasiological processes--reducing
Clipping
professorhamburgerdemonstrationfaxcsimilesubmarine sandwichdelicatessenworld wide webinternet
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English 306A; Harris 19
Semasiological processes--reducing
Clipping
Often a form of jargon
Efficiency
In-group certification
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English 306A; Harris 20
Semasiological processes--combining and reducing
Acronymns/Abbreviationradarscubasnafufubartwain
CBCUSAWW1, WW2WWWPR
acronymns;pronoun-cable
letter-enunciation
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English 306A; Harris 21
Semasiological processes--combining and reducing
Acronymns/Abbreviation
Jargons, Argots, SlangsSimilar to clipping
EfficiencyIn-group certification
butStronger groupinessMore exclusive
With clipping the linkages are more apparent, so more easily recoverable by outsiders; acronyms and abbreviations require secret information, a key.
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English 306A; Harris 22
Semasiological processes--combining and reducing
Acronymns/Abbreviationtxt msg ortholect
AFAIK As far as I know ASAP As soon as
possible B4 BeforeCUL8TR See you laterBAM By all means BAU Business as usual BCNU Be seeing you BD Brain-dead BTDT Been there,
done that…
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English 306A; Harris 23
Semasiological processes--combining and reducing
Acronymns/Abbreviationtxt msg ortholect
AFAIK As far as I know ASAP As soon as
possible B4 BeforeCUL8TR See you laterBAM By all means BAU Business as usual BCNU Be seeing you BD Brain-dead BTDT Been there,
done that…
Rebus principle
4 = [for]8 = [ejt]
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English 306A; Harris 24
Semasiological processes--converting
Conversion (double-dipping)
permít
contést
survéy
butter
ship
toast
nail
pérmit
cóntest
súrvey
dirty
empty
clean
paint
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English 306A; Harris 25
Semasiological processes--converting
Conversion (double-dipping)
Syntactic contextInfallible diagnostic.
“He put butter on the toast.”
vs.
“He buttered the toast.”
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English 306A; Harris 26
semasiological/onomasiological processes
Blends
smoke + fogmotor + hotelaerobic + exercisebreakfast + lunchinformation + entertainmenteducation + entertainmentNorthern Telecom
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English 306A; Harris 27
semasiological/onomasiological processes
Blends
smoke + fogmotor + hotelaerobic + exercisebreakfast + lunchinformation + entertainmenteducation + entertainmentNorthern + Telecom
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English 306A; Harris 28
semasiological/onomasiological processes
Blends
smogmotelaerobicisebrunchinfotainmentedutainmentNorTel
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English 306A; Harris 29
Where words come from
SemasiologicalPermutations of
formborrowingcombiningreducing(converting)
OnomasiologicalPermutations of meaning
metaphoricmetonymicspecializationgeneralization
similarityassociationnarrowingbroadening
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English 306A; Harris 30
Metaphor
A new signified based on comparisonbroadcast (to cast out seeds to send out a
signal)
mouse (little squeaky rodent computer
input device)
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English 306A; Harris 31
Metonymy
A new signified based on physical or
conceptual associationjaw (cheek pointy boney thing underneath
cheeks)
horn (boney animal projection (adapted to make
sounds) musical instrument)
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English 306A; Harris 32
Specialization
Narrowing of signifiedpill (a small, ingestible unit of solid
medication
a small, ingestible unit of birth-control
medication)
school (any learning institution a specific
type of learning--K-12)
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English 306A; Harris 33
Specialization
houndfrom hund, all domestic canines
meatfrom meat, all edible substances
deerfrom deor, wild beast
writefrom writtan, to scratch
girlfrom gerol, young person
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English 306A; Harris 34
Generalization
Broadening of signifiedship (send by boat send by any means of
transport)
school (learning institution an intellectual
or
creative group)
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English 306A; Harris 35
Generalization
dogfrom dogge, a canine breed
used for hunting
holidayfrom haligdæ, a holy day
placefrom platea, broad street
pantsfrom pantaloons, long, baggy
trousers
virtuefrom virtu, manliness
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English 306A; Harris 36
Polysemy
Conceptual processes also generate new senses of the ‘same’ word.
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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English 306A; Harris 37
A radial network
The polysemy of schoolschool of optometry cubist school
school beginsat 8:40
school of fish
the whole schoolwent to the game
she is going to grad school
metonymy
met
onym
ym
etap
hor
specialization
speci
aliz
ati
on
generalization
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English 306A; Harris 38
New terms
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English 306A; Harris 39
mallrat
Teen or tween who spends large amounts of time hanging out in shopping malls
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English 306A; Harris 40
podcast
A digital audio download of autonomous radio programming.
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English 306A; Harris 41
metrosexual
A straight man with the good taste of a gay: scrupulous about his grooming; big consumer of cosmetic products and high fashion suits.
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English 306A; Harris 42
retrosexual
Antonym of “metrosexual”: a straight guy who is scared of hair gel, doesn’t know the difference between teal and aqua, wears sweats.
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English 306A; Harris 43
adulescent
An adult dressing/carrying on like a kid
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English 306A; Harris 44
kidult
See “adulescent”
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English 306A; Harris 45
cube farm
An office filled with cubicles.
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English 306A; Harris 46
prairie dogging
When someone yells or drops something loudly in a Cube Farm, and everyone's head pops up over the walls to see what's going on.
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English 306A; Harris 47
assmosis
The process by which some people seem to absorb success and advancement by kissing up to the boss rather than working hard.
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English 306A; Harris 48
salmon day
The experience of spending an entire day swimming upstream only to be screwed and die in the end.
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English 306A; Harris 49
familymoon
A holiday taken after the wedding by a bride, a groom, and their children from previous marriages.
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English 306A; Harris 50
mouse potato
The on-line version of the couch potato.
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English 306A; Harris 51
mousetrapping
A technique that forces a user to remain on a particular (usually pornographic or gambling) web page.
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English 306A; Harris 52
macarena page
A web page capitalizing on a current fad; usually full of fluff with a short shelf life.
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English 306A; Harris 53
rain dance
A chiefly ceremonial sequence of actions performed in the hope that they will solve a computer problem.
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English 306A; Harris 54
percussive maintenance
Whacking an electronic device to get it to work again.
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English 306A; Harris 55
generica
Features of the North American landscape that are exactly the same no matter where one is, such as fast food joints, strip malls, subdivisions.
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English 306A; Harris 56
vasectomy zoning
Zoning laws and other restrictions that aim to keep children out of an area or neighborhood.
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English 306A; Harris 57
CLM
Career Limiting Move, like doing an uncannily accurate imitation of your boss while she is standing right behind you.
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English 306A; Harris 58
Semasiology
Formal processes
Morphologymetrosexual, retrosexual, podcast (?)
Blendassmosis, adulescent, kidult, familymoon, generica, podcast (?)
Conversionprairie dog[ging], mousetrap[ping]
AbbreviationCLM
Compoundingmall rat
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English 306A; Harris 59
Semasiology
Formal processes
Nadarain dance, cube farm, macarena page, salmon day,
mouse potato, percussive maintenance, vasectomy zoning
Purely onomasiologicalrain dance: new context of use; new sense; new idiomcube farm, macarena page, salmon day, mouse potato,
percussive maintenance, vasectomy zoning: new adjectival modifications; the creation of new phrases, or idioms, but not new words
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English 306A; Harris 60
Onomasiology
Conceptual processes
Metaphormall rat, kidult, adulescent, rain dance, percussive maintenance, prairie dogging, mousetrapping, cube farm, salmon day, mouse potato
Metonymymall rat, macarena page, mouse potato, cube farm, mousetrapping, metrosexual, retrosexual, assmosis, vasectomy zoning
Purely semasiologicalCLM
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English 306A; Harris 61
Onomasiology
Conceptual processes
Metaphormall rat, kidult, adulescent, rain dance, mousetrapping, percussive maintenance, prairie dogging, cube farm, salmon day, mouse potato
Metonymymall rat, macarena page, mousetrapping, metrosexual, retrosexual, assmosis, cube farm, vasectomy zoning, mouse potato
Purely semasiologicalCLM
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English 306A; Harris 62
Where words and senses come from
Onomasiological processes
MetaphoricMeaning shift on the basis of
similarity
MetonymicMeaning shift on the basis of
association
SpecializationA narrowing of meaning
GeneralizationA broadening of meaning
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English 306A; Harris 63
Signifier
Semasiology
Concept evoked synonymy antonymy
Word form polysemy homophony
“dog”yappy, hairyquaduped
Signified
Onomasiology
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English 306A; Harris 64
Onomasiology Synonymy
Lawyer, Attorney, Barrister, Solicitor, Shyster, Ambulance-chaser, ...
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English 306A; Harris 65
Onomasiology Word formation
Lawyer, Attorney, Barrister, Solicitor, Shyster, Ambulance-chaser, ...
a) metaphorb) metonymyc) iconicityd) all of the abovee) none of the
above
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English 306A; Harris 66
Semasiology Word formation
Lawyer, Attorney, Barrister, Solicitor, Shyster, Ambulance-chaser, ...
a) blendb) clippingc) morphologicald) compoundinge) conversion
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English 306A; Harris 67
Onomasiology
Antonymy
black/white, up/down, boy/girl, stop/go, cat/dog, student/professor, ...
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English 306A; Harris 68
Semasiology
Homophony (hoe/ho)
Two (or more) words (therefore, two or more meanings) that happen to sound the same; a coincidence of form.
Ho as in prostitute.Hoe as in garden implement.
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English 306A; Harris 69
Semasiology
Homophony (bear/bare/bear)
Two (or more) words (therefore, two or more meanings) that happen to sound the same; a product of coincidence.
Bear as in ursidae.Bare as in naked.Bear as in carry.
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English 306A; Harris 70
Semasiology
Polysemy (bear)
Tolerate (I can’t bear his jokes.)Give testimony (I bear witness.)Have as an identification (We bear the same
name.)Give birth (She can bear children.) Produce as yield (It has been known to bear
fruit.)Support the weight (That pillar bears the weight
of the whole first floor.)Maintain (They bear me a grudge.)
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English 306A; Harris 71
Semasiology
Polysemy
Meaning extension• Metonymy
• Metaphor
• Specialization
• Generalization
association
comparison
narrowing
broadening
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English 306A; Harris 72
Semasiology
OnomasiologyWord Formation (building new signified/signifier
relations)Morphological Metaphor
Compounding Metonymy
Conversion Specialization
Clipping Generalization
Blending
Semantic Categories (classifying signified/signifier relations)
Polysemy Synonymy
Homophony Antonymy
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English 306A; Harris 73
Word classes
Content words Function words
Carry the semantic burden; less important syntactically.
Open class.
Do much of the syntactic syntactic work; relatively lightweight semantically.
Closed class.
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English 306A; Harris 74
Word classes
Content words Function words
NounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbs
PrepositionsDeterminersParticlesQualifiersDegree wordsPronouns Etc. etc. etc.
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English 306A; Harris 75
Word class diagnostics
SemanticWhat sort of signifieds does the category evoke?
MorphologicalWhat shape can the signifiers have (which affixes, if any, are legitimate)?
SyntacticWhich other words does it co-occur with, and in what order?
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English 306A; Harris 76
English Nouns
SemanticPerson, place, or thing.
MorphologicalTakes plural and
possessive suffixes. dogs, dog’s
SyntacticFollows articles and
adjectives, in that order. a dog, the dog, a big dog,
the green dog
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English 306A; Harris 77
SemanticA quality, attribute, or
property (of a person, place, or thing).
MorphologicalTakes comparative and
superlative suffixes.big, bigger, biggest
SyntacticPrecedes nouns, follows
degree word.The very big boy.
English Adjectives
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English 306A; Harris 78
English verbs
SemanticAn action or state.
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English 306A; Harris 79
English verbs
SemanticAn action or state.
nodtalk
listenfeel
jumprunhit
manipulate…
knowagreehearfeel
believedoubt
recognizehate…
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English 306A; Harris 80
English verbs
MorphologicalTake four suffixes:
past tense nodded
3sg present nods
past participle (has) nodded, (had) nodded
pres. participle (is) nodding, (was) nodding
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English 306A; Harris 81
English verbs
SyntacticCan follow an auxiliary verb.He can nod his head.She will know that he is looking for his puppy.
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English 306A; Harris 82
English adverbs
SemanticModifies (in manner, time or location) an action or state.
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English 306A; Harris 83
English adverbs
Morphological
(though many of them end in -ly.)
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English 306A; Harris 84
English adverbs
Morphological
(though many of them end in -ly.)
Inflectional
derivational
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English 306A; Harris 85
English adverbs
Syntactic
Follows a verb.
They nod vigorously.(Weak test, but compare “They nod friendly”)
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English 306A; Harris 86
Function words
Highly specific tests for individual word category; treat them as belonging to one big bag, ‘not content words’.
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English 306A; Harris 87
http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~raha/306a_web/
wordcategories.pdfEnglishInflectionalAffixes.pdf
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English 306A; Harris 88
Word classes
ContentNounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbs
FunctionEverything else
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English 306A; Harris 89
Words
Linguistic building blocks
Word formation processes
SemasiologyOnomasiologyWord classes