Download - ENGR 340X 2011 Iowa State University
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ENGR 340X2011
Iowa State University
Wind Energy Basics
James D. McCalleyHarpole Professor of Electrical &
Computer Engineering
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Outline1. What is a wind plant?2. Power production
a. Wind power equationb. Wind speed vs. heightc. Usable speed range
3. Problems with wind; potential solutions
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What is a wind plant?Overview
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Tower & Blades
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Two kinds of AC generators
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Synchronous generator
Induction generator
Stator winding (60 Hz AC)Connects to grid
Rotor winding
DC, supplied either by
external circuit or permanent
magnets
AC, induced via SLIP between it and stator mag
field
Electric controlNone (fixed speed
machine)Full converter interface
(variable speed) DFIG (variable
speed machine)
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A Two Pole Machine (p=2)Salient Pole Structure
Synchronous Machine Structure
N
S
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DCVoltage
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
STATOR(armaturewinding)
ROTOR(field winding)
The negative terminalfor each phase is180 degrees fromthe correspondingpositive terminal.
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Induction Machine Structure
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Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
STATOR(armaturewinding)
ROTOR(Squirrel cage)
The negative terminalfor each phase is180 degrees fromthe correspondingpositive terminal.
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Induction Generators
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Motor operation
Generator operation
Region of operation
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Electric Generator
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generator
full power
PlantFeeders
actodc
dctoac
generator
partia l power
PlantFeeders
actodc
dctoac
generator
Slip poweras heat loss
PlantFeeders
PF controlcapacitor s
actodc
generator
PlantFeeders
PF controlcapacitor s
Type 1Conventional Induction Generator (fixed speed)
Type 2Wound-rotor Induction
Generator w/variable rotor resistance
Type 3Doubly-Fed Induction
Generator (variable speed)
Type 4Full-converter interface
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Towers, Rotors, Gens, Blades
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Manu-facturer
Capacity Hub Height Rotor Diameter
Gen type Weight (s-tons)
Nacelle Rotor Tower
0.5 MW 50 m 40 m
Vestas 0.85 MW 44 m, 49 m, 55 m, 65 m, 74 m
52m DFIG/Asynch 22 10 45/50/60/75/95, wrt to hub hgt
GE (1.5sle) 1.5 MW 61-100 m 70.5-77 m DFIG 50 31
Vestas 1.65 MW 70,80 m 82 m Asynch water cooled 57(52) 47 (43) 138 (105/125)
Vestas 1.8-2.0 MW 80m, 95,105m 90m DFIG/ Asynch 68 38 150/200/225
Enercon 2.0 MW 82 m Synchronous 66 43 232
Gamesa (G90) 2.0 MW 67-100m 89.6m DFIG 65 48.9 153-286
Suzlon 2.1 MW 79m 88 m Asynch
Siemens (82-VS) 2.3 MW 70, 80 m 101 m Asynch 82 54 82-282
Clipper 2.5 MW 80m 89-100m 4xPMSG 113 209
GE (2.5xl) 2.5 MW 75-100m 100 m PMSG 85 52.4 241
Vestas 3.0 MW 80, 105m 90m DFIG/Asynch 70 41 160/285
Acciona 3.0 MW 100-120m 100-116m DFIG 118 66 850/1150
GE (3.6sl) 3.6 MW Site specific 104 m DFIG 185 83
Siemens (107-vs) 3.6 MW 80-90m 107m Asynch 125 95 255
Gamesa 4.5 MW 128 m
REpower (Suzlon) 5.0 MW 100–120 m Onshore90–100 m Offshore
126 m DFIG/Asynch 290 120
Enercon 6.0 MW 135 m 126 m Electrical excited SG 329 176 2500
Clipper 7.5 MW 120m 150m
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Type 3 Doubly Fed Induction Generator
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generator
partia l power
PlantFeeders
actodc
dctoac
• Most common generation technology today• Stator side frequency dictated by grid• Provides variable speed via rotor freq control• Converter rating only 1/3 of full power rating• Eliminates wind gust-induced power spikes• Provides voltage control
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Wind turbine Collector Circuit
• A distribution system, often 34.5 kV
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POI or connection to the grid Collector System
Station
Feeders and Laterals (overhead and/or underground)
Individual WTGs
Interconnection Transmission Line
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Existing Transmission + good wind areas(Use Firefox to view http://dec1106.weebly.com/google-earth.html)
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Three-level collection design
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Wind farm collection design
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