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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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ENHANCED PERFORMANCE FROM INSENSITIVE EXPLOSIVES
Ronald Brown, John Gamble, Dave Amondson, Ronald Williams, Paul Murch, and
Joshua Lusk
Physics Department Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943
Contact: [email protected]
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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Acknowledgement Dr. Kevin Vandersall Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Staff ANSYS-AUTODYN Berkeley, CA
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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Overview of Achievements
Relative to
Explosives Chronology
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Det
on
ati
on
Vel
oci
ty, k
m/s
ec
TNT RDX HMX CL-20 ONC N8 IMX HPX HPX+
“ONC” = Octanitrocubane
“N8” = Octaazacubane
Demonstrated
Levels of Increase
Projected
Incr
ease
->
Incr
ease
->
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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OUTLINE
• Objective
• Background
• Modeling & Validations
• Effect of Detonation Convergence on Energy Partitioning
• Coaxial Initiation Limitations
• Results of Novel Dynamic Compression
• Conclusions
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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GOAL & OBJECTIVES
Develop means for enhancing directed energy from explosive weapon systems by exploiting the effects of overdriven detonation. Explore means for overcoming the limitations of coaxial charges. Validate prediction techniques.
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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Pre-Compression Leads to Elevated Shocked States &
Detonation Condition
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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VALIDATION OF PREDICTION TECHNIQUES & TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND
Equation of State & Modification Agreements with • PBXN-111 PBXN-110/PBXN-111 CYLEX • PBXN-111 Detonation • PBHMX spherical implosion
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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JWL and JWL-M Equations of State & Concurrence with PBXN-111 CYLEX
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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CLASSIC CO-AXIAL EXPERIMENT & AGREEMENT WITH SKIDMORE-HART MODEL
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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SUSTAINED EFFECT OF CIRCUMFERENTIAL INITIATION ON PBXN-111
(INITIATION BY THIN SLEEVE OF PBXN110 AND PBXN-112)
Position PBXN- 111 PBXN- 110/111 PBXN- 112/111
(mm) Predict Exp’t Predict Exp’t Predict Exp’t
63.5 7.0 6.3 8.3 8.1 8.4 8.3
44.5 6.5 6.0 8.3 8.2 8.5 9.2
Centerline 5.8 5.5 9.7 10.4 9.9 10.2
Average 6.2 5.8 9.1 9.4 9.3 9.5
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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HYDRO-CODE PREDICTION COMPARISON WITH REPORTED EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
SPHERICAL IMPLOSION
Simulation
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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Effect of Sleeve Thickness V
elo
city
, mm
/sec
9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 PBXN-110 Sleeve Thickness, mm
Explosive Sleeve
Thickness
Detonation
Velocity
Casing
Velocity
(mm) (m/sec) (m/sec)
PBXN-111 0 5775 1280
2 8303 1403
5 8318 1410
10 8314 1495
13 8320 1549
20 8317 1647
PBXN-110 25.4 8320 1610
PBXN-110
PBXN-111
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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Relative Energies
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED WITH INITIATING DEVICE THAT OVERCOMES THE COAXIAL CHARGE LIMITATION
Dynamic Compression Technique Results from Circumferential Initiation at ~11 km/sec with core explosives:
• High performance HMX-based explosive (“HPX)
• Extremely insensitive rubber-based explosive (“IMX”)
Diagnostics for Measuring
• Convergent front shape
• Detonation velocity
• Cylinder expansion
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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CYLINDER EXPANSION
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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Charge Setup and Exterior Instrumentation
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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From Implosion Shock
Wave Reflection
17
Case Expansion:
Simulation vs Experimental
From Sleeve
Explosive
From Core
Explosive
Symmetry of Case
Expansion Confirmed
AUTODYN Case Expansion
Simulation Confirmed
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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CONVERGENT FRONT GEOMETRY & DETONATION VELOCITY
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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CONFIRMATION OF PREDICTED FRONT GEOMETRY
Test 2 Test 3
Height
(mm)
Distance
from
Center (mm)
Time of
arrival
(µs)
Height
(mm)
Distance from
Center (mm)
Time of
arrival (µs)
177.8 20.5 36.4 178.3 20.7 36.9
127.8 21.0 42.2 129.6 20.2 42.5
118.5 40.0 42.3 119.2 40.0 42.4
79.3 21.5 46.7 80.5 20.2 47.2
74.9 31.0 46.9 75.8 29.8 47.1
69.4 41.0 46.9 70.2 39.5 47.0
30.8 21.0 51.2 30.7 20.4 51.9
25.6 31.5 51.5 25.6 31.0 51.7
20.1 41.5 51.4 20.7 39.8 51.7
Dataset1 Dataset2
Posi on2
Posi on1
Posi on3
Embedded Structure With Piezoelectric Sensors
Front Geometry Confirmation
Average detonation velocity (3 experiments and 5 measurement, 10.8 ± 0.1 km/sec
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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Diagnostics
1 μs
“0” time
410 μs into event
0 1 52 43 6
x-axis
Direct Image
Ghost Image
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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RESULTS OF IMX EXPERIMENTS EXPERIMENT2–6.5”WARHEAD
EXPERIMENT3–7.0”WARHEAD
Shot
Number
Center
Fiber
Detonation
Velocity
(km/s)
1.905 cm
Fiber
Detonation
Velocity (km/
s)
3.810 cm
Fiber
Detonation
Velocity
(km/s)
Average
Detonation
Velocity
(km/s)
1 10.3 10.0 10.1 10.1
2 10.3 10.1 10.6 10.3
AUTODYN 10.9 10.2 10.1 10.3
Shot
Number
Center
Fiber
Detonation
Velocity
(km/s)
1.905 cm
Fiber
Detonation
Velocity (km/
s)
3.810 cm
Fiber
Detonation
Velocity
(km/s)
Average
Detonation
Velocity
(km/s)
1 10.7 9.5 9.7 10.0
2 10.5 No data 10.0 10.2
AUTODYN 10.9 10.1 10.2 10.4
Detona onvelocityincreasedfrom6.2km/sto10.2km/sDetona onfront52degrees
Detona onvelocityincreasedfrom6.2km/sto10.1km/sDetona onfront57degrees
*ManganinGagessaturatedduetopressuresinexcessof0.5Mbarattheendofthecharge
EXPERIMENT WITH 6.5 in CHARGE Detonation Velocity Increase from 6.2 to 10.2 km/sec Detonation Front Angle 52 Degrees
EXPERIMENT WITH 7.0 in CHARGE Detonation Velocity Increase from 6.2 to 10. km2/sec Detonation Front Angle 56 Degrees
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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Overview of Achievements
Relative to
Explosives Chronology
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
TNT RDX HMX ONC CL-20 TNTT HPPN LX-20 Slapper
IM Slapper
Max
Peak Pressure (kbar)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Det.
Velocity
(km/s)
TNT RDX HMX ONC CL-20 TNTT HPPN LX-20
Slapper
IM
Slapper
Max
TNT RDX HMX ONC CL-20 TNTT HPPN HPX IMX PROJ
TNT RDX HMX ONC CL-20 TNTT HPPN HPX IMX PROJ
PeakPressure(kbars)
1000
Also PBXN-111 UD, 5.5 to 8.9 Ppeak, 12 to 66 GPa
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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New Model for Sustained Overdriven Detonation
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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CONCLUSIONS
• Substantial increases in velocity and peak pressure in the detonation of existing explosives by dynamic compression effects from circumferential initiation. – Aluminized explosives (PBXN-111)
– High performance HMX-based explosive (“HPX”)
– Extremely insensitive explosive (“IMX”)
• Gains exceed those of on-going and projected chemistry (conventional initiation) and further gains are possible.
• Technology can easily be incorporated into weapon systems.
• Prediction techniques validated across a wide range of applicable conditions.
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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Immediate Recommendations
• Supra-pressure shock response characterizations of candidate explosives over much greater ranges in order to reach 3+ megabar.
• Techniques for detecting pressures in the megabar range required for continued prediction confidence and to explore effects of the pressure continuum across convergent fronts.
• Additional exploration and extension of detonation theory.
• Exploratory development for enhancing directed energy warheads.
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2013 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Paper 16169
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QUESTIONS
30usec:(Pmajor-peakforwardofPminorpeak) 34usec:(Pmajor-peakfollowsofPminorpeak)Pressure and vector contours about a convergent mach stem