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Enlightenment Literature
24 January 2008
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Enlightenment Review
Erosion of traditional authorityRevelation (Bible)
Classical texts
Aristocracy
New authority is human reasonPhilosophes—anti-nobility, anti-church
Religion (deism)
Political theory (social contract)
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Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
Irish clergymanPessimist, challenged Enlightenement confidenceBitter satires“A Modest Proposal” (1729)Gulliver’s Travels (1726)
In four partsNarrator becomes a misanthrope
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Economics—A New Science
Background of mercantilism“Political Economy”—relation of study to State policyFrench economists: “physiocrats”
Drew on thought of late Scholastic philosophersArgued against anti-farm policies of French governmentWanted more a of a free market
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Adam Smith (1723-1790)
Part of Scottish Enlightenment
Wealth of Nations (1776)
Division of labor
Private vice is public gain?
“Invisible hand” of the marketplace
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A New Philosophy of History
Skepticism toward ancient sourcesDon’t trust the narrative
Seek for internal “clues” to learn more about authors and their times
Giambattista Vico (1668-1744) and Philosophy of History
Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) and The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
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Views of Language
Impulse to catalogue and analyze
Denis Diderot (1713-1784) and the Encyclopedie
Claimed to be sum of all human knowledge
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Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
Most celebrated English literary figure of his day
Famous quotations (many from Boswell)
Dictionary of the English Language (1755)
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Voltaire (1694-1778)
Most famous philosophe
Diehard skeptic, enemy of Christianity
Praised English constitutionalism
Satire: Candide (1759)