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Environmental Nanotechnologies
KOREA-U.S. NanoForum
October 14-15, 2003, Seoul
Wei-xian Zhang, Associate ProfessorEnvironmental EngineeringAdvanced Materials & Nanotechnology Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
Environ. Sci. Technol.Feature Article March 1, 2003
2003, 37 (5), 73A - 112A
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Iron Nanoparticles for Treatment of Toxic Wastes
J. of Nanoparticle Research5:323-332,2003
Acknowledgments
U.S. EPANSF PITA (PA)
Dr. C.B. WangDr. H.(Sam) LienDr. J. CaoDr. Daniel ElliottXiao-qin LiY.P. SunSteve SpearYu XueSteph KravitzPatrick ClasenTim Marks
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In the 21st century we are faced with major environmental challenges …
New approaches are required to maintain and improve soil, water, and air quality
Pesticide and Fertilizer Runoff
Oil and Chemical Spills
Abandoned Industrial and Mining Sites
Emissions of Airborne Gaseous and Particulate
Matter
Improve environmental technologies (treatment, remediation, sensing, etc.)
Improve manufacturing processes (efficiency, waste reduction, etc.)
Dematerialization
Improve environmental technologies (treatment, remediation, sensing, etc.)
Improve manufacturing processes (efficiency, waste reduction, etc.)
Dematerialization
SensorsSensors
Treatment/Treatment/RemediationRemediation
Pollution PreventionPollution PreventionPollution Prevention
Enter Nanotechnology …
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Nanoscale Technologies for Pollution Prevention
Make a manufacturing process environmentally benign.
Be an environmentally benign material.
Be a manufactured product that replaces a toxic substance or minimizes use of raw materials.
IBM, Zurich
Biological pathogens, heavy metals, organics, etc.
Nanoscale Technologies forSensing and Detection
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Treatment/Remediation
Iron Nanoparticles for Treatment of Toxic Wastes
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Why Fe?A powerful reductantEffective for transformation of many contaminantsWidely used in environ. proc.Accepted by regulatory agenciesNontoxicCheap
Why Nanoparticles?
• Small size for easy subsurface injection
• Extremely high reaction rate
• Low temperature reaction
• Added Catalytic functions
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~100 nm
Noble Metal(Pd, Pt, Ag, Ni, etc)
Base Metal
(Fe, Zn, Al, etc)
Noble Metals: - forms galvanic cells - catalyze hydrogenation
Base metal - Electron donor
C2Cl4 C2H6 + Cl-
Fe2+, Zn2+
e-
Nanoscale Bimetallic Particles
+
PrecursorsFe2+, Fe3+ Fe0
Reduction ClusterFormation
Stabilization
CMCD(Sugar)
Methods of Synthesis
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 300 More
Diameter (nm)Fr
eque
ncy
Size (50-60 nm)
Iron particles (3-5 nm)
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Surface Area
142Lehigh (2-5 nm)
25-35Lehigh (60 nm)
~1.0Aldrich, ~10 µm
0.00121 mm(existing method)
SSA (m2/g)Fe
COSTS
Iron Filing (~mm)$0.5/kg5 m2/kg< 10 m2/dollar
Nano Iron (50 nm)$20-50/kg25,000 m2/kg> 1,000 m2/dollar
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Environmental Chemistry
Organic:
Chlorinated MethanesChlorinated EthenesChlorinated EthanesChlorinated BenzenesPCBsLindane (HCHs)
Inorganic:
Cr(VI)Pb(II)Ni(II)Cu(II)PerchlorateAs
~60 compounds tested at Lehigh
0
100
200
300
400
500
TC
E (킽
/L)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (hours)
0.91 g/L Fe/Pd
TCE Reduction (C2HCl3) - # 1 Contaminant in Groundwater (Samples from a site in NJ)
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)Lindane (HCH) - A Pesticide(Sample from Jacksonville, FL)(5 g/L Fe)
Aquifer Materials
β−CD-Fe nanoparticles
Transport In Porous Media(Little has been reported)
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Conceptual Geologic/Hydrogeologic Model
Conceptual Model
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Test Set-up
The Nano Fe Slurry
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Field Test (Nano Fe 10 kg)
Total volume injected = 1,600 gallons (6,056 L)Nano Fe concentration = 1.9 g/lAverage injection rate = 0.6 gpm
Injection Well B-4Monitoring Wells
B-3: 20 feet north of B-4B-2: 40 feet northeast of B-4GW-4: 63 feet north-northeast of B-4
Monitoring
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Injection Well
20 Feet Down Gradient
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Summary
Reactive Fe nanoparticles for direct injection into aquifers
Enhanced reactivity (10-1,000X)
Faster cleanup time & lower costs
12 ProjectsEnvirongenGolderGeosyntecURSTetra TechAcadis
American StdBASFBoeingFMCGlaxoSmithKlineGTEHoneywellIBMUS Navy
10-20 tons of nanoparticles in 2004 (est.)
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Nanotechnology also has the potential for harm to human health and the environment …
Keep in mind that …
Thanks