Download - Environmental Systems
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Environmental Systems
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Oxygen Systems
• What are three basic configurations of oxygen systems?
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Oxygen Systems• What are three basic
configurations of oxygen systems?–Continuous-flow
–Diluter-demand
–Pressure-demand
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Continuous-flow• Name three types of
Continuous-flow oxygen systems?
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Continuous-flow• Constant flow
• Adjustable-flow• Altitude-compensated
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Oxygen Systems
• What is the most popular system in modern aircraft?
• Altitude-compensated
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Oxygen Masks
• Name three types of oxygen masks?
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Oxygen Masks
• Name three types of oxygen masks?–Oronasal rebreather
–Cannula oxygen breathing device
–Quick-donning
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Oxygen Systems
• With an altitude-compensated regulator and an oronasal rebreather, when will the bag fully inflate?
• Why?
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Oxygen Systems
• High Altitudes
• Decreased atmospheric pressure and increased oxygen flow rate
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Oxygen Systems
• In a continuous-flow system when the mask connector contains a flow restrictor, what color is the pilots mask?
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Oxygen Systems
• In a continuous-flow system when the mask connector contains a flow restrictor, what color is the pilots mask?
• Red
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Oxygen Systems• To what altitudes are the
following oxygen systems usable
• Continuous-flow
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Oxygen Systems
• Continuous-flow 25,000
• Diluter-demand
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Oxygen Systems
• Continuous-flow 25,000
• Diluter-demand 40,000
• Pressure-demand
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Oxygen Systems
• Continuous-flow 25,000
• Diluter-demand 40,000
• Pressure-demand above 40,000
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Oxygen Systems
• What kind do we have in the King Air?
• Pilots have Diluter demand
• Passengers have Constant flow.
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Oxygen Systems
• How can oxygen be stored?
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Oxygen Systems
• Cylinders or Chemical Oxygen Generators
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Oxygen Systems
• Where do we get oxygen to refill cylinders?
• Look in the Airport Facility Directory. Ensure you use aviation oxygen.
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Oxygen Systems
• What color are most high pressure oxygen cylinders painted?
• Green
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Oxygen Systems
• What is the lowest pressure to which an oxygen bottle should be depleted?
• Why?
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Oxygen Systems• What is the lowest pressure to
which an oxygen bottle should be depleted? 50 psi
• Why?
• To prevent moisture from entering the cylinder
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Oxygen Systems
• How long will an 66 cu ft cylinder of oxygen last?
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Oxygen Systems
• How long will an 66 cu ft cylinder of oxygen last?
• Depends on the temperature, pressure in the bottle and the number of people using the bottle.
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Oxygen Systems
• What are the pilot oxygen requirement for Part 91 flying
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Oxygen Systems
• FAR 91.211 From 12,500 to 14,000 feet flight crew up to 30 minutes without.
• Over 14,000 minimum flight crew must be provided and use supplemental oxygen
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Oxygen Systems
• Over 15,000 each occupant must be provided supplemental oxygen.
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Oxygen Systems
• What are the pilot supplemental oxygen requirement for Part 135 flying?
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Oxygen Systems
• FAR 135.89 From 10,000 to 12,000 any part of the flight over 30 minutes in duration.
• Over 12,000 continuously
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Cabin Pressurization
• What training must you receive to act as PIC of an pressurized aircraft certified for operations above 25,000 feet.
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Cabin Pressurization
• FAR 61.31(g) (1) logged ground training and obtained an endorsement in the person’s logbook or training record.
• FAR 61.31(g) (2) endorsement for flight, simulator or FTD.
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Cabin Pressurization• Ground training
–High altitude aerodynamics and meteorology
–Respiration
–Effects, symptoms and causes of hypoxia
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Cabin Pressurization
–Duration of consciousness w/o suppl oxygen
–Effects of long usage of suppl oxygen
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Cabin Pressurization
–Causes and effects of gas expansion
–Preventive measures for eliminating gas expansion and high altitude sickness
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Cabin Pressurization
–Physical phenomena and incidents of decompression
–Any other physiological aspects of high-altitude flight
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Cabin Pressurization• Flight, Simulator or FTD Training
– Normal operations above 25,000 feet
– Proper emergency procedures for simulated rapid decompression without actually depressurizing the aircraft
– Emergency descent procedures
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Pressurization Components
• What component modulates between open and closed to allow the pressurization air to vent out of the cabin at a controlled rate.
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Pressurization Components
• What component modulates between open and closed to allow the pressurization air to vent out of the cabin at a controlled rate.
• Outflow Valve
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Pressurization Components
• If the outflow valve fails, will the pressure continue to rise until we have a rapid decompression?
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Pressurization Components
• If the outflow valve fails, will the pressure continue to rise until we have a rapid decompression?
• No, you can activate the safety/dump valve
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Pressurization Control
• What is meant by differential range?
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Pressurization Control
• What is meant by differential range?
• When the pressurization system is working to prevent the cabin differential pressure from exceeding maximum limits.
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Cabin Differential Pressure
• What is the typical cabin differential pressure for general aviation aircraft?
• 3.35 to 4.5 P.S.I.D
• For large transport category aircraft
• 9.0 P.S.I.D
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Pressurization Control
• What is meant by isobaric range?
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Pressurization Control
• What is meant by isobaric range?
• When the system is working to maintain the cabin pressure altitude at the preset level.
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Cabin Pressure Controller
• What three items do you normally set in the cabin pressure control system?
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Cabin Pressure Controller• What three items do you normally
set in the cabin pressure control system?
• Cruise Altitude
• Cabin Altitude Selected
• Rate control knob
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Instrumentation
• Name three instruments used in conjunction with the pressure controller.
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Instrumentation• Name three instruments used in
conjunction with the pressure controller.
• Cabin Differential Pressure Gage
• Cabin Altimeter
• Cabin rate-of-climb instrument
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Pressurization Control
• When operating in the isobaric range, what will happen if you make a sudden change in the cabin altitude selected?
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Pressurization Control
• Extreme changes in cabin pressure causing significant pain to you and your passengers
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Pressurized Air
• In most light pressurized aircraft the pressurized air comes from the turbocharger’s compressor. What must be done to it before it is usable?
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Pressurized Air
• In most light pressurized aircraft the pressurized air comes from the turbocharger’s compressor. What must be done to it before it is usable?
• It must be cooled in a heat exchanger.
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Emergencies
• What are the most likely causes of rapid and explosive decompressions?
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Emergencies
• What are the most likely causes of rapid and explosive decompressions?
• Failure of the Windshield, cabin window or door.
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Minimum Oxygen
• What is the minimum oxygen supply for flying in a pressurized cabin above FL 250?
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Minimum Oxygen
• What is the minimum oxygen supply for flying in a pressurized cabin above FL 250?
• 10 minutes
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Oxygen Masks
• What oxygen mask requirements exist for flying above FL350.
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Oxygen Masks
• Generally, one pilot at the controls must wear and use an oxygen mask that is secured and sealed.
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Oxygen Masks
• An exception exists below FL 410 if both pilots have quick donning type masks that can be placed on the face with one hand and secured, sealed and operating within 5 sec.
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Hypoxia
• Name four types of hypoxia and describe them.
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Hypoxia
• Name four types of hypoxia and describe them.
• Hypoxic - altitude hypoxia caused by insufficient partial pressure of oxygen.
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Hypoxia
• Histotoxic - Alcohol and drug use, cannot be corrected by supplemental oxygen because the uptake of oxygen is impaired at the tissue level
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Hypoxia
• Hypemic - reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as a result of anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, or excessive smoking.
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Hypoxia
• Stagnant hypoxia - poor circulation of the blood because of failure of the circulatory system to pump blood. It can be caused by pressure breathing or excessive G-forces.
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Prolonged Oxygen Use
• What are the symptoms of prolonged use of 100% oxygen?
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Prolonged Oxygen Use
• Bronchial cough, fever, vomiting nervousness, irregular heart beat and lowered energy.
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Vision
• What effect does altitude have on vision?
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Vision• Deteriorate with altitude
• Empty visual field caused by cloudless blue skies cause inaccuracies in judging speed, size and distance
• Sunglasses recommended to minimize the intensity of the sun’s ultraviolet rays.
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Decompression Sickness
• What are three types of evolved gas decompression sickness.
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Decompression Sickness
• Bends - pain in and around the joints
• Chokes - Chest pain and burning sensation, a sensation of suffocation.
• Paresthesia - tingling, itching, red rash, and warm and cold sensations
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Anti-icing
De-icing
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Anti Icing
• When do you want to turn on Anti Icing equipment?
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Anti Icing
• When do you want to turn on Anti Icing equipment?
• Prior to encountering ice conditions?
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Airfoil Ice Control
• De-icing Boots
• Thermal Anti-ice Systems
• Weeping Wing
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Windshield Ice Control
• Alcohol
• Thermal
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Windshield Ice Control
• What can happen if thermal anti ice is used on the ground?
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Windshield Ice Control• What can happen if thermal anti
ice is used on the ground?
• Bubbles can develop between the layers of window lamination resulting in the windshield having to be replaced.
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Propeller Ice Control
• Thermal
• Alcohol
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Other Ice Systems
• Pitot Heat
• Static Port
• Fuel Vent
• Stall Warning Sensors
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Ice
• What two conditions are necessary for structural ice to form?
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Ice
• Visible water such as rain or clouds
• Temperature where the moisture strikes the aircraft must be 0 or colder
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Ice
• What are the three kinds of ice?
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Ice
• What are the three kinds of ice?
• Clear, Rime and Mixed
• Which is the most dangerous kind of ice?
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Ice
• Which is the most dangerous kind of ice?
• Clear. It is very heavy and difficult to remove.
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Ice
• What kind of ice usually forms on aircraft flying through stratus type clouds?
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Ice
• What kind of ice usually forms on aircraft flying through stratus type clouds?
• Rime
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Ice
• What do ice pellets normally mean?
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Ice
• What do ice pellets normally mean?
• Freezing rain at higher altitudes
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Ice
• What type of cloud is hail normally associated?
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Ice
• What type of cloud is hail normally associated?
• Cumulonimbus
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Ice
• Frost does not change the basic aerodynamic shape of the wing so how does it affect the flow of air over the wing?
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Ice
• Roughness spoils the smooth flow of air causing early flow separation
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Ice
• What effect does frost have on stall speed?
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Ice
• What effect does frost have on stall speed?
• It normally increases stall speed between 5 and 10 per cent
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Ice
• If you begin to accumulate ice and you anticipate there is a warm front aloft, should you try to climb?
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Ice
• Depends on the situation, but the decision to either turn back or climb should be made quickly before too much ice accumulates which would preclude a climb.
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Ice
• If you accumulate ice, what precaution should you take on landing?
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Ice
• Avoid abrupt maneuvers because the aircraft has lost some aerodynamic efficiency, land with power at a higher than normal airspeed, be cautious about the use of flaps.
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Ice
• How can the NWS observe actual icing conditions?
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Ice
• They cannot. They can identify regions where icing is possible but they need PIREPS to know for sure.
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Ice
• When you preheat an aircraft, to what items should you pay attention?
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Ice• Oil, battery and instruments.
You should preheat not only the engine compartment but also the cockpit. Except at KSU-S, because we have had damage to aircraft interiors