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Epidemiology of Cattle Diseases (Transmission and Prevention)
Floron C. Faries, Jr., DVM, MSProfessor and Extension Program Leader
Texas AgriLife Extension ServiceTexas A&M System
College Station, TX 77843http://extensionvetmed.tamu.edu
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I. Sources
A. Carrier/Reservoir Animals1. Aerosol Droplets 8. Milk 2. Nasal Fluid 9. Fetal Fluid3. Ocular Fluid 10. In Utero 4. Saliva 11. Genital Fluid5. Skin 12. Blood6. Manure 13. Carcass7. Urine
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B. Vectors 1. Ticks 2. Flies 3. Mosquitoes 4. Scavengers
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C. Vehicles 1. Instruments
a. Needle b. Ear tagger c. Tattooer d. Dehorner e. Nose tong f. Knife
2. Utensils a. Bucket
b. Trough
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D. Environment 1. Soil 2. Water 3. Food
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II. Exposures
A. Susceptible Animals1. Mouth 6. Vagina
2. Nose 7. Prepuce3. Eyes 8. Transplacental4. Skin 9. Venereal5. Teats 10. Blood
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III. Incubation Period
A. Long/Short B. Exposure to Symptoms C. Exposure to Positive Tests D. During Incubation Period
1. No Symptoms2. Negative Tests
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E. After Incubation Period1. Symptoms
2. Positive Tests
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IV. Latent Infections (Recrudescent Infections)A. Extended Incubation Period
1. No Symptoms 2. Negative Tests
B. After Recrudesces 1. Symptoms 2. Positive Tests
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C. Injury1. Blackleg2. Malignant Edema3. Black Disease4. Black-Neck Disease
D. Diet Change/Overload 1. Enterotoxemia
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E. Flukes 1. Redwater
F. Stress1. IBR/PI3/BVD/BRSV
2. Pasteurella/Haemophilus
G. Pregnancy in Heifers1. Brucellosis
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V. Non-Latent Infections
A. Normal Incubation Period 1. Lepto
2. Vibrio 3. IBR/PI3 /BVD/BRSV
4. Pasteurella/Haemophilus 5. Brucellosis in Cows
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VI. Stress Factors
A. NutritionB. WeatherC. PregnancyD. CalvingE. WorkingF. WeaningG. ShippingH. BreedingI. Walking
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VII. High Risk Herds
A. Identify SourcesB. Separate Carrier/Reservoir Animals
(Shedders)C. Reduce Commingling
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D. Vaccinate Susceptible Animals1. Not 100% Protection
a. No responseb. Improper procedures
c. Mishandled vaccined. Expired vaccine .e. Stored opened vaccinesf. Poor quality vaccineg. Primary dose only
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2. Long/Short Protection 3. Vaccinate before exposure 4. Does not prevent recrudescence in latent infections
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E. Biosecurity Measures1. Raise replacements2. Purchase entries from clean herds3. Test purchased entries4. Vaccinate purchased entries5. Isolate purchased entries6. Restrict visitor and vehicle entries7. Construct buffer zone fencing
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