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Equine Dentition
Equine Health Management
November 30, 2011Presentation by Erin Pittman
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“Never Look a Gift Horse in the Mouth”
Aging a horse by teeth
Diseases of the teeth
Diseases of the oral cavity
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Teeth
Incisors – cutting teeth, closest to the front of the mouth
Canines – common in adult males, less common and smaller in adult females Found in the gap between the incisors and
premolars Premolars – the three or four cheek teeth
closest to front of mouth Molars – the three cheek teeth at the back of
the mouth
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Deciduous Teeth
A total of 24 “baby” or “milk” teeth in the young horse
12 incisors and 12 premolars No canines or molars!
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Permanent Teeth
Replace the deciduous teeth, where present The deciduous tooth that precedes the
permanent tooth is called a cap From eruption to being in wear is ~6
months Continue to grow, using up the reserve
crown over many years Adult stallion with wolf teeth has 42 teeth
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Premolars
Molars
Canine
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Permanent Teeth
Six cheek teeth Premolars 2, 3, and 4 Molars 1, 2, and 3 Fourth cheek tooth is the first molar
First premolar = wolf tooth May be absent or very small in adult
Incisors: Central Intermediate Corner
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Eruption Dates
Deciduous Permanent
1st incisor 0 – 1 week 2 ½ years
2nd incisor 4 – 6 week 3 ½ years
3rd incisor 6 – 9 months 4 ½ years
*Canine 4 – 5 years
1st Premolar (wolf tooth)
5 – 6 months
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Eruption Dates
Deciduous Permanent
2nd Premolar 0 – 2 weeks 2 ½ years
3rd Premolar 0 – 2 weeks 3 years
4th Premolar 0 – 2 weeks 4 years
1st Molar 9 – 12 months
2nd Molar 2 years
3rd Molar 3 ½ - 4 years
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Aging by teeth
An imprecise science – after the permanent teeth have erupted and are in wear, aging by teeth is a matter of judgement!
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Things to consider
Permanent vs. deciduous teeth 7 and 11 year hooks Points and stars. Enamel cups and
dental stars Galvayne’s Groove Incisor Angle Lip tattoo. 1997 started the alphabet
again at “A”
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One Year Old
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Two Years Old
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Three Years Old
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Four Years Old
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Five Years Old
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Six Years Old
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Seven Years Old
7-year hook
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Eight Years Old
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Nine Years Old
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Ten Years Old
Galvayne’s Groove
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Twelve Years Old
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Fifteen Years Old
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Seventeen Years Old
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Twenty Years Old and Older
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Dental Problems?
Quidding Spilling/spitting grain or
hay Difficulty chewing Cheek sensitivity or
swelling Sensitivity to the bit Head shaking or head tilt
Foul odor from mouth or nostrils
Excess salivation Exaggerated tongue
movements Bleeding from mouth
(especially after riding) Poor body condition Rough haircoat
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Dental Examinations
Probably need to be tranquilized!
MUST use a full-mouth speculum
Visual and digital examination essential
How often?
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Dental Problems
Retained dental caps Permanent teeth can’t push deciduous
teeth out Lampas
Swelling in hard palate mucous membrane Two year old bumps
Bone reacts with teeth lump below jaw Wolf teeth
Not always next to premolar 2
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Wolf tooth location and extraction
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Dental Problems
Canines Don’t always erupt
Molar hooks Upper premolar 2 Lower third molar (most painful) Float inside lower jaw, outside of upper jaw
Cribbing (woodchewing) Air isn’t swallowed!
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Floating the teeth toget rid of sharp pointson molars and premolars Outside of upper teeth Inside of lower teeth
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Dental Problems
Windsucking (Stumpsucking) Similar to Cribbing but doesn’t require
something to set teeth on May cause colic Overdevelopment of neck muscles
Parrot Mouth/overshot jaw Increased incidence of molar hooks Decreased ability to prehend food
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Parrot Mouth
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Dental Problems
Monkey Mouth/undershot jaw
Wave Mouth Can be caused by retained
cap Uneven wear of premolars
and molars Step mouth
Missing teeth/uneven wear Cracked or fractured teeth
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Dental Problems
Periodontal disease Dental decay Tooth root abscess Supernumerary teeth Dentigerous cyst Salivary duct injuries Tongue lacerations Oral ulcers
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Dental Problems
Cleft Palate
Odontomas
Bishoping
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Dysphagia
Difficulty or unwillingness to eat
Slow and messy feeding Extreme bad breath Quidding Productive cough Nasal reflux of saliva,
food and fluids
Possible Causes: Strangles infection Stylohyoid osteomyleitis Physical trauma Poisoning, such as lead Botulism
Inability to prehend, chew and swallow properly