Download - ESL Praxis Meeting: 2 March 2013
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ESL Praxis Meeting: 2 March 2013
SociolinguisticsFeldstein
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Goal: to understand and recognize the basic sociolinguistic principles and theory related to language learning
Linguistic theory encompassing:
o word use across dialects
o appropriate language use in different situations
o communicative competence
o attitudes toward second-language learners
Sociolinguistics: Chapter 10Language in Society
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Pragmatics: Language in Context
TText p. 207 p.
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Pragmatics
Text p. 217: "Context may be linguistic —what was previously spoken or written —or knowledge of the world, including the speech situation, what we’ve called situational context." Text p. 350
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How can language vary?
• speaker's identity, purpose, context
The language of an individual speaker with its unique
characteristics is referred to as the speaker’s idiolect
What are dialects?
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Text p. 430
"mutually intelligible forms of a language that differ in systematic ways.
Every speaker, whether rich or poor, regardless of region or racial origin, speaks at least one dialect, just as each individual speaks an idiolect.
A dialect is not an inferior or degraded form of a language, and logically could not be so because a language is a collection of dialects.
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Dialects in the USAhttp://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/dialectsofenglish.html
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Southern and South Midland
Southern and south midland:
• "drawl" [lengthening, fronting, and raising vowels]
• /ai/ > /æ:/ in find, mind
• /oi/ > /o/ in boil, oil
• /u:/ > /yu:/ in due, tuesday
• au/ > /æu/ in out, doubt
• /e/ > /ei/ in bed, head
• /e/ > /i/ in pen, ten
• greasy > greazy
• carry > tote
• dragged > drug
• you > you all, y’all
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Northern
• fog, hog: /fag/, /hag/ -- /fog/, /hog/
• roof: /ruf/, /huf/ -- /ru:f/, /hu:f/
• cow, house: /kau/, /haus/ -- /kæu/, /hæus/
• wash: /wa:sh/ -- /wosh/, /worsh/
• darning needle -- snake feeder
• pail -- bucket
• teeter-totter -- see-saw
• fire-fly -- lightning-bug
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Standard?
http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~kdk/201/spring02/slides/variation-4up.pdf
“Standard” dialects are idealizations, not actual well- defined dialects of a given language. Nobody actually speaks, for example, Standard American English (SAE). Many people almost speak it.
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Standard?
http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~kdk/201/spring02/slides/variation-4up.pdf
For the particular case of SAE we are more interested in grammar than we are in accent (pronunciation) features. The reason is social – regional pronunciation variation is not considered in the US to be very important socially (within limits), so people with a large range of accents can still be considered to be speaking the standard dialect. Contrast this with England, where societal divisions correspond rather closely to pronunciation.
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Standard?
http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~kdk/201/spring02/slides/variation-4up.pdf
Examples Senators, governors, presidents, and other high-ranking
government officials are generally considered to be prime examples of SAE, yet they exhibit a huge amount of variation in pronunciation.
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What are World Englishes?
(according to Wikipedia, there are 75!)BritishCanadianAmericanIndianAustralianNigerianGhananLiberianPhilipino
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Communicative Competence
"enables us to convey and interpret messages and to negotiate meanings interpersonally within specific contexts." (Hymes, 1972)
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Proxemics
What is proximity?
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Proxemics
subcategory of the study of nonverbal communication
• haptics (touch), • kinesics (body movement)• vocalics (paralanguage)• chronemics(structure of time)
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What are BICS and CALP?
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What is Codeswitching?p. 461
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Text Questions
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Text Questions
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One World Activity
• The classroom represents a map of the United States and its neighboring countries. The front of the classroom is north and the back is south.
• Goal: find as many sociolinguistic differences as possible
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One World Activity
• Create a sign with the name of your country or town and state.
• Number yourselves 1 or 2.
• Situate yourself in your country or, state or town in the map, using the “Charlotte sign” as an orientation point.
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One World Activity
•At the signal, • Number ones travel to another
country, state or town they would like to visit.
• Two travelers cannot visit one host at the same time.
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One World Activityo Number 1’s arrive at the new location
they should try to find as many sociolinguistic differences as possible
• “y’all”, “howdy?” • substitute the product name for the actual object
(coke, kleenex)• say buggy for shopping card• Spanish uses two different pronouns to determine
formal vs. informal register (tú/usted)• “yes ma’am” not used as much in the north of the
United States.
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One World Activity
• At a second signal, travelers go home.• At a third signal, number twos travel to a town or country
they would like to visit. • The process is repeated. • At the next signal travelers go home.• Share some interesting findings.