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Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2
• Elements and the Periodic Table
• Atoms and Subatomic Particles
• Atomic Number, Mass, and Isotopes of Elements
• Chemical Bonding and Molecules
• Chemical Reactions
• Properties of Water
• pH and Acid/Base Balance
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He - Helium
Fe - Iron (from ferrum)
C - Carbon
Au - Gold (from aurum)
Al - Aluminum
Cu - copper (from cuprum)
Periodic Table of the Elements
Elements are fundamental categories of matter that cannot be broken down into
other types of matter.
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Figure 2.3
The Elements Found in Living Things
Life is made mostly of “CHON”
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Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2
• Elements and the Periodic Table
• Atoms and Subatomic Particles
• Atomic Number, Mass, and Isotopes of Elements
• Chemical Bonding and Molecules
• Chemical Reactions
• Properties of Water
• pH and Acid/Base Balance
![Page 5: Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2 Elements and the Periodic Table Atoms and Subatomic Particles Atomic Number, Mass, and Isotopes of Elements Chemical](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e535503460f94b48d27/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Every Element (Category) is Composed of Atoms
The element gold (Au)
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Atoms Are the Apples in the Bins Called Elements• Atoms (apples) are the individual items belonging to a specific element (variety) in the Periodic Table.
• Atoms belonging to an element are very similar but not identical (they have slightly different masses)
Three atoms (apples) from the variety
(element) Golden Delicious
24.2 g 29.6 g 25.9 g
Periodic Table of Apple Varieties
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Atoms Are Composed of Three Types of Particles
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Atoms of an Element Always Have a Unique Number of Protons
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
The number of electrons = number of protons in an electrically balanced atom
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Figure 2.7
Different Orbits or Shells Have Different Capacities For Electrons
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Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2
• Elements and the Periodic Table
• Atoms and Subatomic Particles
• Atomic Number, Mass, and Isotopes of Elements
• Chemical Bonding and Molecules
• Chemical Reactions
• Properties of Water
• pH and Acid/Base Balance
![Page 11: Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2 Elements and the Periodic Table Atoms and Subatomic Particles Atomic Number, Mass, and Isotopes of Elements Chemical](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e535503460f94b48d27/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A Closer Look at the Numbers For Each Element
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Numbers That Define Elemental Size and Behavior
• Size and numbers of parts
• Chemical behavior
Elements are organized by:
Heavier elements are to the right
and downwards in rows
Elements with similar behavior are in the same
column
12.011
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Electron Arrangement and the Chemical Properties of Atoms
Atoms of elements with the same number of outer shell electrons have similar chemical behavior.
Both nitrogen at bismuth form 3 bonds with neighboring atoms
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Isotopes are alternate atomic forms for an element.
24.2 g 29.6 g 25.9 g
Three “isotopes” of Golden Delicious
Mass number is the average mass of the different isotopes found in nature.
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Radioactive Isotopes can be used to form images
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan looks for where radioactive fluorine-sugar is being used in the brain (blue areas)
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Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2
• Elements and the Periodic Table
• Atoms and Subatomic Particles
• Atomic Number, Mass, and Isotopes of Elements
• Chemical Bonding and Molecules
• Chemical Reactions
• Properties of Water
• pH and Acid/Base Balance
![Page 17: Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2 Elements and the Periodic Table Atoms and Subatomic Particles Atomic Number, Mass, and Isotopes of Elements Chemical](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e535503460f94b48d27/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Chemical Bonding and Molecules
Three types of chemical bonds
• Ionic bonds
• Covalent bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
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NaCl(sodium chloride)
H2O
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Ionic Bonds Are Formed Between Two or More Electrically Unbalanced Atoms (Ions)
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Covalent Bonds Are Sharing Arrangements Between Two Atoms
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When A Molecule Becomes Polar
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Hydrogen Bonds: Bonds Between Polar Molecules
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Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2
• Elements and the Periodic Table
• Atoms and Subatomic Particles
• Atomic Number, Mass, and Isotopes of Elements
• Chemical Bonding and Molecules
• Chemical Reactions
• Properties of Water
• pH and Acid/Base Balance
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Chemical Reactions
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Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2
• Elements and the Periodic Table
• Atoms and Subatomic Particles
• Atomic Number, Mass, and Isotopes of Elements
• Chemical Bonding and Molecules
• Chemical Reactions
• Properties of Water
• pH and Acid/Base Balance
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Water’s Life-Supporting Properties
• Cohesion
• Adhesion
• Capillary action
• Surface tension
• Moderates temperature change
• Less dense as a solid
• Universal solvent
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Figure 2.16
Water Can Dissolve A Large Number Of Substances
• Water surrounds ions and polar molecules, pulling them apart from each other and dissolving them. Substances that dissolve in water are called hydrophilic.
Table salt
(NaCl) in water
• Water cannot dissolve non-polar (hydrophobic) molecules like oil, fat, and grease.
• Since the majority of substances on earth are hydrophilic, water is called the universal solvent.
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Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2
• Elements and the Periodic Table
• Atoms and Subatomic Particles
• Atomic Number, Mass, and Isotopes of Elements
• Chemical Bonding and Molecules
• Chemical Reactions
• Properties of Water
• pH and Acid/Base Balance
![Page 28: Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2 Elements and the Periodic Table Atoms and Subatomic Particles Atomic Number, Mass, and Isotopes of Elements Chemical](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e535503460f94b48d27/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
H2O H+ + OH-
water hydrogen ion hydroxide ion
Water Breaks Can Break Apart to Form Ions
• When liquid water is pure, it has an equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions (H+ = OH-). Pure water is neutral.
• Some substances, when added to water give off H+ and create acidic conditions (H+ > OH-). These substances are acids.
• Other substances when added to water give off OH- and create alkaline or basic conditions (H+ < OH-). These substances are called bases or alkali.
• Organisms cannot survive in acidic or basic conditions because their chemicals are broken apart
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The pH Scale Is Used to Measure Acidity or Basicity
Buffers
• Substances called buffers can inhibit pH change when part of a water solution
• Buffers soak up added H+ or OH- like chemical sponges
• Humans have bicarbonate buffer in their blood to prevent pH change when eating and drinking.
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Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER 2
• Elements and the Periodic Table
• Atoms and Subatomic Particles
• Atomic Number, Mass, and Isotopes of Elements
• Chemical Bonding and Molecules
• Chemical Reactions
• Properties of Water
• pH and Acid/Base Balance