■Essential QuestionEssential Question:
–To what degree did Kennedy’s “New Frontier” domestic & foreign policy differ from Truman & Eisenhower in the 1950s?
■Reading Quiz 28AReading Quiz 28A
Kennedy & the New Frontier
JFK Video
JFK’s New Frontier■The election of 1960 between
Richard Nixon & John F. Kennedy was the 1st to use TV debates:–Nixon was much better known
but the TV debates helped swing undecided voters towards JFK
–1960 marked the beginning of television dominance in politics
–Image & appearance became essential traits for candidates
But, it was not the 1st time TV influenced politics…
Eisenhower used TV to campaign in 1952 & 1956
McCarthy was destroyed by TV in the Army-Senate
hearings
Nixon used to TV to defend himself in the “Checkers” speech
TN Senator Kefauver used TV to investigate
organized crime
JFK’s New Frontier■Kennedy’ administration reflected
youth, energy, & sharp break from Eisenhower
■JFK promised a New FrontierNew Frontier:–Domestic reforms in education,
health care, & civil rights–A foreign policy committed to
defeating the Soviet Union & winning the Cold War
The JFK era began “Camelot”
comparisons with JFK as a modern-day
Lancelot
JFK’s New Frontier■JFK’s New Frontier promised a
return of FDR-era liberal policies:–But, Conservatives in Congress
opposed JFK’s social reforms in education & health care
–Congress did help the poor–The modernization of industry,
gov’t spending, & a major tax cut in 1963 stimulated the economy & created jobs
Aid for public schools…
…the extension of Social Security…
…unemployment benefits…
…and medical insurance for the elderly were all shot down by Congress
An increase in the minimum wage
Increased funds for public housing
JFK’s New Frontier■One long-lasting achievement of
the JFK-era was strengthening the presidency:
–Eisenhower left many decisions to his staff, but JFK demanded more direct presidential control
–JFK transferred much of the decision-making power from the cabinet to his White House staff
JFK appointed tough, pragmatic, & academic “New Frontiersmen” to his staff
Kennedy referred to his staff as the “the best & the brightest”
Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War
Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War■Addressing U.S. foreign policy &
containing Communism was JFK’s top priority as president:–JFK believed Ike compromised
with the USSR when the Cold War could have been won
–JFK aimed to close the “missile gap” & increase U.S. defenses
–Looked to solve issues in Berlin, Vietnam, & Cuba
“Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any
friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival & success of liberty. We will do this & more.”
—JFK’s inaugural address
Flexible Response■JFK shifted from Ike’s “mutually
assured destruction” to a “flexible response” capable of responding to a variety of future problems:–Increased nuclear arsenal to
1,000 ICBMs & 32 Polaris subs to create a “first-strike” capability
–Increased the army & air force–Expanded covert operations &
created the Green Berets
JFK was convinced that the USSR had more missiles, but really the U.S. had the lead with
600 B-52s, 2 Polaris subs, 2,000 warheadsTo combat Communism & to help
underdeveloped countries, JFK created the Peace Corps & the Alliance for Progress
The Space Race■JFK hoped to avoid another
Sputnik & hoped to beat the Soviets to the moon:
–JFK greatly expanded NASA & announced that the U.S. would get to the moon by 1970
–The U.S. landed a man on the moon in 1969
The Apollo Program
Crisis over Berlin■JFK’s 1st confrontation with the
Soviet Union came in Berlin:
–Khrushchev was upset with the exodus of skilled workers from East Germany to West Berlin
–The USSR threatened to remove all U.S. influence from West Berlin, but settled on building the Berlin Wall in 1961
“Ich bin ein Berliner”—JFK, 1963
Containment in Vietnam■Vietnam proved to be a tough test:
–Since 1954, Communist leader Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh gained popularity in North Vietnam; By 1961, he gained a foothold in the South
–The U.S. gave aid to unpopular South leader Ngo Dihn DiemNgo Dihn Diem
–When Diem lost control of the South, JFK gave the OK for a coup against Diem in 1963
“Strongly in our mind is what happened in China at the end of World War II, where
China was lost. We don’t want that.”—JFK
Vietnam Viet Minh are Vietnamese communists in North Vietnam
Viet Cong are Vietnamese communists in South Vietnam
Containing Castro: Bay of Pigs■Fidel Castro took over Cuba in
1959 & developed ties with Russia
–The Eisenhower administration (directed by the CIA) had been training Cuban exiles for an invasion & overthrow of Castro
–In 1961, JFK gave the OK for the CIA to initiate the Bay of Pigs invasion
JFK blamed the Republicans for allowing a “communist satellite” to arise on “our very doorstep”
The invasion called for U.S. air support but JFK canceled the air strike; without air
support, Castro squashed the invasion
Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure of Bay of Pigs, but did not apologize for coup
Cuban Missile Crisis■To protect Cuba from another
U.S. invasion, the USSR began a secret build-up of nuclear missiles
■On Oct 14, 1962 a U-2 spy plane discovered Cuban missile camps
■How would the U.S. respond?
24 medium-range & 18 short range ICBMs
Naval blockade to keep warheads out?
Diplomacy: trade nukes in Cuba for nukes in Turkey?
Immediate air strike?Full-scale invasion?Kennedy chose to “quarantine” Cuba to
keep new missiles out & an invasion of Cuba if the USSR did not remove its nukes
The Cuban Missile Crisis Kennedy announced a quarantine (blockade) to keep more missiles out & demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles already in Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis■The standoff ended when Russia
removed its Cuban missiles & the USA vowed to never invade Cuba
■The impact of the crisis:–Seen as a political victory for JFK–Installed a “hot line” to improve
US-Soviet communications–This near-nuclear war convinced
both sides to move from confrontation to negotiation
“Our most basic common link is the fact that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the
same air. We all cherish our children’s future. We are all mortal.”
—JFK
And…U.S. removal of nuclear weapons in Turkey
■Essential QuestionEssential Question:
–To what degree was Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” a continuation of JFK’s “New Frontier” domestic agenda?
■Reading Quiz Ch 28BReading Quiz Ch 28B
“Let Us Continue”
LBJ Video
"Let Us Continue"■On Nov 22, 1963 in Dallas, JFK
was assassinated & VP Lyndon Johnson became president:–LBJ was a master politician with
a reputation for getting results–LBJ promised to continue
Kennedy's liberal agenda–LBJ ultimately exceeded JFK’s
record on providing economic & racial equality
LBJ helped push through the greatest array of liberal legislation in U.S. history (“Great
Society”), surpassing FDR’s New Deal
Americans were stunned this rapid succession of events
Lyndon Johnson in Action■LBJ quickly pushed through
Congress 2 key “Kennedy” bills:
–A $10 billion reduction in income taxes that led to increased consumer spending & new jobs
–The Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 that declared segregation in public facilities illegal & protected black voting rights
The most significant legislation on race since the Reconstruction Amendments
Lyndon Johnson in Action■In 1964, LBJ waged a “war on
poverty in America” & created the Office of Economic Opportunity:–Created the Job Corps for high
school dropouts–Head Start for preschoolers–Adult education & technical
training opportunities ■As a result of, America had 10
million fewer poor people by 1970
In 1964, the U.S. had 35 million poor people
The Election of 1964■In 1964, LBJ ran against:
–Conservative Republican Barry Goldwater rejected LBJ’s liberal welfare programs & called for a stronger foreign policy stance
–Segregationist George Wallace■LBJ won in a landslide & the
Democrats took control of Congress for 1st time in 25 years
The “Daisy” Campaign Spot
http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964
Click on the “Daisy Ad”
The Great Society ■Once elected, LBJ initiated his
“Great SocietyGreat Society” domestic agenda:–Medicare & Medicaid extended
health insurance to the elderly & the poor
–Extended $1 billion to improve public & parochial schools
–The Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned literacy tests & provided for federal registrars for polls
The Triumph of Reform■By 1965, Congress passed
89 laws or reforms as part of LBJ’s social agenda:–The Great Society was the most
comprehensive agenda of social reform since FDR
–But…the American people did not respond well to LBJ
–Soon…events in Vietnam, would taint his presidency
Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War
LBJ Escalates the Vietnam War■LBJ continued JFK’s strong
foreign policy positions too:–He supported CIA-sponsored
coups in Brazil, Panama, & the Dominican Republic
–LBJ continued Eisenhower & JFK policies towards Vietnam
■But in doing so, LBJ found himself under attack from Congress, the media, & universities
“I am not going to lose Vietnam. I am not going to be the president who saw
Southeast Asia go the way China went.”—LBJ
LBJ Escalates the Vietnam War■During the Gulf of Tonkin affair in
Aug 1964, the military bombed North Vietnam in retaliation for an attack on the USS Maddox
■The Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionGulf of Tonkin Resolution gave LBJ the authority to:
–Defend Vietnam at any cost
–Unlimited military intervention to be used at LBJ’s discretion
The Vietnam War
Escalation■1965 marked the beginning of full-
scale U.S. involvement in Vietnam–LBJ was informed that “without
U.S. action, defeat is inevitable”–LBJ authorized bombing raids
into North Vietnam & requested 50,000 U.S. soldiers sent to Asia
■LBJ never explained to the American people how the gov’t planned to win the war in Vietnam
LBJ’s advisors wanted 100,000 troops in 1965 & a plan for 100,000 more in 1966; Estimations
were 500 U.S. deaths per month
LBJ took middle road of limited U.S. intervention: not a withdrawal & not a full-scale invasion of North Vietnam
Stalemate■By 1968, 500,000 U.S. troops
stationed to keep Vietnam from falling to Communism–U.S. bombings & “search &
destroy” attacks were ineffective–Soviet & Chinese weaponry
freely flowed into North Vietnam–Reckless bombings killed
thousands of innocent civilians■The bloody stalemate & media
depiction of the war led to protests
Conclusions■The early 1960s under JFK
represented consume spending, a strong stance on the Cold War, & more social reforms at home
■The transition to LBJ in 1963 brought success at home (civil rights & the Great Society)
■But, heightened involvement in Vietnam signaled the onset of the counter-culture movement by 1968
Class DiscussionClass Discussion: To what degree was the
USA winning the Cold War from 1945-1963?
The Cold War: 1948-1975The Cold War under Truman: 1945-1952
The Cold War: 1948-1975The Cold War under Eisenhower: 1953-1960
The Cold War: 1948-1975The Cold War under Kennedy: 1961-1963
The Cold War: 1948-1975The Cold War under Johnson: 1963-1968