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Europe: Middle Ages
to Today
Mr. Cummings
World History
Essential Question
What new developments changed
European society during the Medieval
Era?
Questions to Consider
• What were the Middle Ages?
• When did the Middle Ages occur?
• Countries involved?
• Important people and events?
• How did the Middle Ages affect the development of our country?
Defining the Medieval PeriodClassical Civilization
(Beginning of European Civilization Roman Empire)
Medieval Europe(Fall of Rome Before the Renaissance)
Modern Times(Renaissance Today)
Known By Three Different But Equally Acceptable Names
Middle Ages
Dark Ages
Medieval Era
Periodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
The Medieval Era is actually three separate eras.
Middle Ages Defined
• Period after fall of Roman Empire-between ancient and modern times in western Europe
• 475-1200’s
• Churches stabilize barbaric Europe
• Japanese Feudalism=Europe Feud.
– Most people lived poor, illiterate, uneducated + without rights
Europe Today
• Area + Population
– Second-smallest continent
– 11,000,000 sq. miles
– 785,000,000 people (2010)
Europe Today
• 47 countries
– Largest: Russia (107,000,000)
– Smallest: Vatican City (1,000 people)
– England, Spain, France, Italy, Germany, CIS
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Major Physical Features
• Rhine River (Germany)
• Danube River (Austria + Germany)
• Thames River (England)
• Ural Mountains (Eastern Europe)
• The Alps + Pyrenees
• Surrounded by Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea – provide means of transportation and food
Other Important Facts
• Agriculture- 50% of the land used for crops- most efficient in world
– Produce beef, chicken, potatoes, sugar, wheat, olives, figs, wine
• Wide range of economies + cultures
– Currencies: Euro, Pound, Franc
– Gov’t: Republic, Parliamentary Monarchy
Middle Ages Events
• Arthurian Legend (500’s)
• Knights and Castles (900-1100’s)
• Split of the Catholic Church (1054)
• Battle of Hastings (1066)
• Domesday Book (1086)
• Crusades (1096-1291)
• Magna Carta (1215)
• “Black Death” (1347-1352)
Europe in the 6c Charlemagne: 742 to 814 Charlemagne’s Empire
Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800
The Medieval Catholic Church Filled a power vacuum left from collapse of Rome & increasing Viking attacks.
‘The Church’ controlled about 1/3 of theland in Western Europe.
Crusades & The Inquisition replace logic & technological achievements.
Monasticism reigns after Rome’s collapse.
Rules of St. Benedict stress poverty, chastity, and obedience.
Provided schools for the children ofthe upper class (the poor are left out).
Libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
A Medieval Monk’s Day
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A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium Illuminated Manuscripts FeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military
service.
Life in Medieval Towns• For safety/defense, people formed small
villages around a lord/master (MANOR)– Castle, church, village, farmland
• Homes were cramped, one-room dwellings with a central fire pit.
• Literacy plunged to 5%, while towns battled health/hygiene problems– Used non-scientific methods like
prayer to seek cures• Chanting, music, and religious art became
essential parts of church life, especially after Feudalism’s collapse.
The Medieval Manor Stability Fosters Trade & Guilds
Guild Hall
Groups of workers in the same business:
Controlled membershipapprentice journeyman master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product & prices charged (FIRST MONOPOLY?)
Changes in Gov’t: Magna Carta, 1215 King John I
“Great Charter”
Monarchs were notabove the law.
Kings had to consult a council ofadvisors.
Kings could not taxarbitrarily.
Representative Gov’tfirst established
The Magna Carta (1215)The Black Death (mid 1300’s)
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Spread of the Plague• Started in
China• Reached
Europe in 1347 via a merchant ship on the island of Sicily
• 1347–48: southern Europe
• 1349–50: central Europe and the British Isles
Popular Medical “Cures”
for the Plague• Doctors wore strange
costumes• Bathing in human urine• Wearing excrement• Placing dead animals in
homes • Wearing leeches• Drinking molten gold
and powdered emeralds • Burning incense to get
rid of the smell of the dead
Effects of the Plague
• Killed 25–30 million Europeans
• Undermined faith in religion
• Economy• Culture
influenced
REAL…… or IMAGINED?
King Arthur
Carolingian Miniscule Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle
Parts of a Medieval Castle The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
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Chivalry: Code of Honor and Behavior William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066
(Bayeaux Tapestry)
Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
Romanesque Architectural Style Rounded Arches.
Barrel vaults.
Thick walls.
Darker, simplistic interiors.
Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.
Gothic Architectural Style
Pointed arches.
High, narrow vaults.
Thinner walls.
Flying buttresses.
Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
Christian Crusades: East and West Medieval Universities Oxford University
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Development of Parliament
• Henry III (1216–1272)• Edward I (1239–1307)• Original parliament
– House of Lords: nobles and church lords
– House of Commons: knights and residents
• Approved taxes, discussed policies, worked with the monarch to make laws
Edward I
The Crusades & Pope Urban II Legacy of the Medieval Era• Transitional
period• New
kingdoms evolved
• The Church became a dominant force
• Modern institutions originated
Essential Question
What new developments changed
European society during the Medieval
Era?