Download - Ethics Lectures 1 and 2 2012
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Ethics
Oslo and Akershus
University College
and
Oslo University
Start January 16 2012
Tore Audun Høie
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Course Goals
• Knoledge. Know key forms and issues of ethics
• Criticis!" Be able to argue for or against a roosition
• Constructive" Be able to suggest simle ethical guidelines
• #nternational. Transose those guidelines to an
international ersective
• A$$lication. !se guidelines in daily work
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"ecture # #ntroduction
%hy ethics
%hat is ethics&
%hat is the di''erence (eteen ethics and !orals&
%hat is a Code o' Ethics&
Sy!!etrical ethics) and assy!etrical ethics
O$en and closed syste!s#nstru!ental and $rinci$le (ased ethics
Other ethical $rinci$les
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%hy ethics 'or organisations&
$ A (asis 'or values and visions
* +o !otivate e!$loyees
* ,erha$s de!anded (y custo!ers
* -or good relationshi$s to stakeholders
* An overall check on $lans
* +o avoid various e.$osures and risks
* ,art o' governance
* Sustaina(ility
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%hy ethics ##
$ +he 'inance crisis
* A nu!(er o' cri!es) near/cri!es and transgressions
* anagerialis! o(ert 3ocke4
* anage!ent not contri(uting to organisation groth5health
* ot contri(uting to society
* oney only !anage!ent
* 7Greed is good8
* Short ter! and li!ited $lans
Greed is good" %mbrace it. "ove it. "ive it. &n fact' greed
may be the one thing that can save us. (on)t believe me*
+reed was the foundation for this country. The brave souls
who risked their life to settle in a new country did so out ofself interest. ,ur forefathers recogni-ed the imortance of
selfinterest in the 9eclaration o' #nde$endence where they
emhasi-ed our unalienable right to ursue hainess.
/obert 0agliarini blog' 1oneywatch 23#3
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%hy ethics ###
$ Sel'/interest is $ervasive econo!ic idea
* ot su$$orted (y research) as overriding $aradig!
* Country di''erences) in Ja$an a negative $ersonality trait
Other $ersonal goals) so!eti!es !ore i!$ortant:
* -a!ily and 'riends
* ,ersonal develo$!ent e"g" aslo4
* Aestetics) a nice $lace to live
* Contri(ution to society Tore Audun Hø[email protected]
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elevance o' ethics to #C+
$ 9o good ork Aristotle4
* ,lan holistically syste!s theory4
* Consider end use Aristotle4
* Evaluate (oth ends and !eans Kant4
* ;e stakeholder oriented #SO 260004
* +ake care o' the environ!ent #SO 260004
* Contri(ute to knoledge
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9e'inition Ethics
oral $hiloso$hy"
9eter!ining rights and rongs) selecting actions to achieve goodresults) evaluating !otives"
atte!$ting to su!!arise several de'initions4
+he achieve!ent o' isdo!) choosing actions that are (ene'ical
and acce$ta(le long ter!< or sustaina(le" +his i!$lies a society
'ocus"
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9e'inition orals
;elie's and (ehaviour o' grou$" +he grou$ can (e:
* ation) or geogra$hical area
* Grou$ o' nations
* eligious or li'e vie grou$s) and su(grou$s
* ,ro'ession or si!ilar
* Other organisation) e"g" s$orts) clan) GO"""
#n an international organisation there can (e !any !orals"
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-or!s o' ethics
#. etaethics hat is good& etc4
2" or!ative ethics hat should e do&4
=" A$$lied ethics ho do e a$$ly ethics to ork and lives&4
>" oral $sychology the (iological and $sychological (ases4
1" 9escri$tive ethics hat !orals $eo$le 'ollo4
&n the course' emhasis on 2 and 4.
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Codes o' ethics
A$$lying ethics to a $ro'ession or disci$line) e.a!$les:
* #C+
* Engineering
* edicine
* 3a
* Journalis!
* ,sychology
The 5hallenger disaster
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Sy!!etrical ethics ? the golden rule
$ 9o to others hat you ant the! to do to you"
* #' you de!and 'ro! others) de!and the sa!e 'ro! yoursel'$erha$s !ore i' you are a leader4
* See yoursel' as the other good even 'or design@4
* E!$athy
the +oldin /ule6 Do whatever is necessary to bring in the maximum gold, without
getting caught
htt677www.kevinmd.com7bloghtt677www.kevinmd.com7blog
Tore Audun Høie
http://www.kevinmd.com/bloghttp://www.kevinmd.com/bloghttp://www.kevinmd.com/blog
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Assy!etrical ethics
$ %hen one $arty has !ore resources) knoledge) $oer
* O'ten in $ro'essions engineering) nursing) la"""4
* eed to (e care'ul $ro'essional@4
* eed to (e considerate
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#nstru!ental ethics
Ethics an instru!ent 'or achieving so!ething else"
ot (ased on $rinci$les or conviction"
7Greenashing8
,hilantro$hy used as an 7e.cuse88
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,rinci$le (ased ethics
;ased on $rinci$les like 'ro! e(sites4:
* %e ant to deliver 'irst class design
* %e ant to (e (est in our disci$line
* %e ill contri(ute to society
* %e consider ecological i!$act* %e contri(ute to environ!entalis!
,re'era(ly 'olloed (y action
0icture from www.bouvet.no' design for 9:ømannskirken.
Tore Audun Høie
http://www.bouvet.no/http://www.bouvet.no/http://www.bouvet.no/http://www.bouvet.no/
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Co!$liance ethics
%ithin e.isting las) standards) guidelines) !orals
ay need a 7co!$liance o''icer8 in large organisations
/ e"g" hat does it !ean to 7'ollo standard8&
Ensures that organisation 7does no rongs8) (ut di''icult
The %thics ; 5omliance ,fficer Association clusively for individuals
resonsible for their organi-ation?s ethics' comliance' and
business conduct rograms. The only organi-ation of its kind'
its members reresent the largest grou of ethics and
comliance ractitioners in the world. The %5,A is credited
with formally founding the ethics and comliance field in
##.
www.theecoa.org (ecember 23#3
Tore Audun Høie
http://www.theecoa.org/http://www.theecoa.org/http://www.theecoa.org/
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,ositive ethics
* Contri(uting $ositively to:
/ Organisation
/ ,ro'ession
/ Society
/ Environ!ent
/ and other stakeholders
or!ally cannot (alance lack o' co!$liance
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,ositive ethics 2011:
%e invite you to su(!it a a !anuscri$t 'or the S$ecial #ssue o' theJournal o' ;usiness Ethics on ,ositive Organiational ,OE4" +his
issue targets the Journal o' ;usiness Ethics vie that ethics
enco!$asses Ball hu!an action ai!ed at securing a good li'e"
+oards this end) !ore research !ust (e directed toard the (est
o' hu!an 'unctioning) es$ecially ithin the conte.t o' todayDsethically challenged (usiness environ!ent and $rotracted econo!ic
donturn"
"strategie/ai!s"co!
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+he !oralist
1y life view issuerior
,ther views
are inferior
& have the
answers
& need no otherauthority
+he ethicist
1y life view is based on
reflection
& evaluate life
views
& have uestions
& resect otherviews
Aristotle (384-322)
*
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O$enness and $rivacy
O$enness ,rivacy
,u(lish in'or!ation 7,ersonal roo!8) integrity
egister in'or!ation #n'or!ation !ay cause har!
Co!$are in'or!ation #n'o !ay cause e!(arras!ent
Analyse in'or!ation %rong in'or!ation
-ind !issing in'or!ation %rong use o' in'or!ation
#ssues:
9ata ,rotection
9ata #ns$ectorate
O$en Govern!ent Tore Audun HøieTore.hoie@vikenfibe
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9iscussion
%ikileaks
illains or heroes&
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Fuality in'or!ation as a$$lied to e(site4
$ Correct
* +i!ely
* elevant
* #nteresting* Use'ul
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,rinci$les 7organisation virtues84:
Already:
O$enness ? $rivacySy!!etrical ? asy!!etrical ethics
Fuality
Also:
3egiti!acyCredi(ility
+racea(ility
Accounta(ility
Steardshi$
O(ectivity
-airness
-le.i(ility
Creativity
Sustaina(ility
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Ethics a$$lies to:
• ,ro'essional duties
• E!$loyee care
• Custo!er care) and su$$lier res$onsi(ilities
• Environ!ent care
• Onershi$ $rice) value) o$$ortunities""4
• -inancing
• E.$loration
* / the list is (eing e.tended
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Conclusion lecture 1
Ethics i!$ortant) and varied
#ncludes social res$onsi(ility) and governance
eeds ter!inology) and $hiloso$hy
ery relevant to society) no
3ecture 1 needed 'or evaluation in lecture 2
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Homework for lesson 2
3ook u$ ,'ier on #nternet" %hat do they do) and ho (ig are
they& %hat does their e(site say a(out social res$onsi(ility andethics& 9o they !ention a recent 'ine& %hat ere they 'ined)
and hy& %hat ha$$ened to the ,'ier CEO) and hy& #s it
easy to 'ind this in'or!ation& %hat is your evaluation o' their
social res$onsi(ility&
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3ecture 2 Ethical transgressions and cri!es4
+he lecture ill $resent so!e transgressions
that are ty$ical o' todayHs (usiness and
$olitical environ!ent) and atte!$t to indicatetrends and need 'or action"
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Categories o' ethical $ro(le!s
• Cri!es
• Greed
• ,oor Iuality
• #nco!$etence
• Other
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,hiloso$hical $ro(le!s
• ;elie's a.io!s4 not clearly e.$ressed
• ot de'ining) or de'ining $oorly e.a!$le C4
• ;elie' that !icroo$ti!isation gives !acroo$ti!isation
• O$ti!isation instead o' satis'iation er( Si!on4
• Overall e''ects seldo! evaluated like co!$etence) !otivation4
• +ransactions instead o' relationshi$s and trust4
• ierarchic structures) to$ don
• oney only) and o'ten short ter!
• Fuality and service ignored or don$layed) including data
Iuality Tore Audun Høie
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An i!$ortant $ro'essional $ro(le!6
An #C+ syste! su$$orting other coordinating ideals than
those anted) can have a contra$roductive e''ect
CKoordination och informationssystem i fDretag och nEtverkC. 0h( thesis. !lf 1elin' "inkDing !niversitet 2332.
you buy the sulier?s assumtions
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ConseIuences custo!er:
eed clear e.$ressions o' on $osition
eed to co!!unicate to su$$lier
eed to check that su$$lier has understood
eed to evaluate any deviation 'ro! on nor!
eed to reevaluate on $osition) $erha$s every year
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ConseIuences su$$lier:
$ eed to kno custo!er values
* eed to kno on values) and re'lect on the!
* eed to ada$t to custo!er needs) i' not in line ith
on values
* eed to in'or! custo!er i' values unethical or
not sustaina(le
#"e" Su$$lier de$ends to so!e e.tent on custo!er values
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Ethical problem in ICT
Texas University found inaccuracy problem2003.
Supplier ell ans!ered that machines !ere
overtaxed.
"ater# lea$y motherboards !as found to be thecause.
ell attempted to hide the problems# even foro!n sta%.
&ot even ell la!yers !ere helped. Tore Audun Hø[email protected]
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ConseIuences o' 9ell $ro(le!
other(oard $roduction as outsourced) hat res$onsi(ilityre!ained ith 9ell&
on/o$enness !ay have contri(uted to $ro(le!"
o (ig 'ine) no re$ercussions 'ro! $ro'essionals) is that ethical&
9ell as 7darling8 o' (usiness schools) have they u$dated
theory&
/ And 9ell as also 'ined 'or accounting 'raud"
9ell (oss as re$laced"Tore Audun Høie
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Conclusion 'ro! !any #C+ $ro(le!s
any ethical challenges ithin #C+
any unre'lected $roects
Knoledge is so!eti!es inco!$lete or !issing
#C+ as a knoledge disci$line needs re'ine!ent
,hiloso$hy !ay have a !aor $ositive e''ect on #C+
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Damning BP verdict points to cost cuts
Years of cost-cutting and lack of investment led to BP's
Texas City refinery fire that killed 15 workers a watchdoghas said
!n ad from 1"""#
Tore Audun Høie
http://timesonline-emails.co.uk/go.asp?/bTNL001/mCDOCE3/qLV6LE3/uU7ZZ4/x64R66http://timesonline-emails.co.uk/go.asp?/bTNL001/mCDOCE3/qLV6LE3/uU7ZZ4/x64R66
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;, Alaska
;, 'ined in 1 'or o''shore du!$ing) agreed to $ro(ationary
action
,i$e corrosion ides$read) 'or!al arnings in 2002 and 200>
Oil leak in ,rudhoe ;ay 2006) ins$ectors 'ound several !iles o'
(ad corrosion"
Engineer 'ired 'or corrosion arning) case $ending 2010
-our !ore accidents 200L/200
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;, acondo 'ield
E.$losion 20 A$ril 2010) 11 $ersons died
;loout $reventer did not ork) re!ote (loout $reventer not
installed"
;, as in charge o' the drilling) +ransocean oned the drill)alli(urton ce!ented ell" Uncertainty a(out accounta(ility"
Several decisions regarding drilling) ce!enting and technology
solutions in'luenced (y cost and ti!e considerations"
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;, oray
-ire 1= July 2011" o(ody hurt) (ut ork stalled 'or eeks"
,etroleu! Sa'ety Authority oray says reason as $oor
!aintenance) 10 issues ere outstanding and not a!ended"
A general $ro(le! in the orth Sea is ageing eIui$!ent"
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+he trade organisation:
&n 1ay 23## the American 0etroleum &nstitution had the following
statement on its website6
$%when spills occur, the United States employs world-leading
preparedness planning and response capabilities to minimize
environmental harm"
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General consideration) $erha$s valid outside oil:
Sa'ety don$rioritied and not even ell understood4
aintenance not done till too late
,rioritiing cost and ti!e4
Short ter! $ers$ective) little re'lection
A $ervasive culture) that is di''icult to change
egulations eak and so!eti!es not o(served
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-ake !edical ournals
&n a la suit in Australia 200 it (eca!e knon that the$u(lisher Elsevier) and the ,har!a co!$any erck had
coo$erated to $u(lish the Australasian Journal o' ;one and
Joint edicine AJ;J4) the ournal is a$$arently dedicated to
$ro!ote erck $roducts"
+he AJ;J as distri(uted to 20000 doctors) it is unclear to
hat e.tent they (elieved the ournal as authentic"
3ater L 'urther 'ake ournals ere 'ound" Elsevier re'uses toin'or! ho $aid"
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ElsevierHs vie$ooint
Elsevier has o''icially regretted the incidents) and have
a$$arently re'or!ed:
7We are committed to ensuring that advertising, reprint or other
commercial revenue has no impact or influence on editorial
decisions" "elsevier"co! anuary 20114
#n addition) Elsevier ill ork closely ith other $u(lishers
and industry associations to set standards 'or (est $ractices on
ethical !atters) errors and retractions//and are $re$ared to$rovide s$ecialied legal revie and counsel i' necessary"
Tore Audun Høie
http://www.elsevier.com/http://www.elsevier.com/
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erckHs vie$oint
+he ournal $ro!oted erckHs $roduct io.. 'or uses that itas not a$$roved 'or"
+his has caused $ersonal $ro(le!s and $erha$s death o'
$atients"
erck 'ailed to share research shoing the dangers o' io.."
erck layer (eca!e the ne (oss"
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;ook vie$oint:
#n a ne (ook) MAll +he Justice oney Can ;uy)D 'or!er ational ,u(lic adiore$orter Snigdha ,rakash) ho as e!(edded ith a tea! o' $lainti''sD layers
'or one o' those trials) descri(es legal !achinations) strategies and (attles that
eventually led erck to reach a N (illion settle!ent
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,ro'essional vie$oint
erck has (een a generous su$$orter o' !edical $ersonnel
es$ecially nurses"
erck $aid nurses to $rovide $otential $atients 'or io..
erck a$$arently dre u$ a 7hit list8 to 7neutralie8 ordiscredit $ersonel criticiing io.. +he #nde$endent 6 arch
20104"
#t is di''icult to 'ind criticis! 'ro! $ro'essional organisations
3ittle !edia coverage) es$ecially in the US
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-inance crisis
#n 2006 s$eculators started to ithdra 'ro! overheated US
housing !arket"
;anks o''ered (etter ter!s) 'or instance o #nco!e) o Assets
loans) later called #JA loans"
3oans ere (undled into 7instru!ents8 that ere Iuality
controlled (y credit rating agencies and sold to other (anks"
#n 200 the #nternational onetary -und esti!ated that thecu!ulative losses o' (anks and other 'inancial institutions
e.ceeded > trillion US dollars
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,ro'essional issues
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,ro'essional issues
isk !anage!ent raised issues) and as overridden due to
!arket and !oney considerations"
Credit rating as $aid (y custo!er (anks)
Auditors a$$arently did not $oint to $ro(le!s
;oards did not intervene
;onuses ere (ased on 7e''iciency8) a(ility to handle large
a!ount o' loans
-inancial !odels did not 'orecast crisis) and one as called a
7recei$e 'or disaster8Tore Audun Høie
Ethical $ro(le!s
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Ethical $ro(le!s
+he overhel!ing e!$hasis on !oney
isk and sa'ety don$rioritied
E!$loyees 7doing their duty8 acted unethically unknoingly
ecruiting 'inding the rong $eo$le
aysayers ignored
o(ody looking a'ter the 'inancial syste!) a !eta/issue
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+he Ara( S$ring ? and ethical re'lection
+he Ara( ,eo$le did not have Ali Kadri 2011) 3ondon School
o' Econo!ics4:
* -ull sovereignty over natural resources) including sel'/
deter!ination and $o$ular $artici$ation in develo$!ent<
* +he right to ork
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;ackground
So!e Ara( countries have oil" #n 200 it constituted >0P o' Ara(
G9," 9es$ite the high $rice o' oil 200=/2010 B poverty levels rose,
income inequality widened and unemployment rates responded
poorly to economic growth…slightly more than fifty percent of the
population subsists at below two dollars per day" Ali Kadri 20114"
+he general $ro(le! is according to Ali Kadri that the ruling elite
derive the (ene'its) and 'or their on good) ith 'e trickle don
e''ects" +he esti!ated Be.cess savings are esti!ated at so!e 'ive
trillion dollars over >0 years) invested a(road) !ostly in UStreasury (ills"
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Ethics %estern ,oers (e'ore Ara( S$ring
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Ethics %estern ,oers (e'ore Ara( S$ring
$ Su$$orting so!e autocrates) even 'inancially
* E.$orting ea$ons to the autocrates
* Esta(lishing and running (usiness in autocratic countries
* Only 6 countries hel$ed the re(ellion in 3i(ya
* UK accused o' returning 7terrorists8 to Ghada''i
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ard(all
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ard(all
7+o $lay ard(all !eans (eing aare o' hen you are entering
the 7caution one8 / that area so rich in $ossi(ility) that lies
(eteen the $lace here society clearly says you can $lay the
ga!e and the $lace here society clearly says you cannot8
7-akes are an acce$ted $art o' (usiness li'e and good 'akers areto (e ad!ired"
General otors is ad!ired"
9talk' +eorge ; "achenauer' /ob ardball! Harvard Business 9chool 0ress 233F.
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Ethical vie
7;ordering on the unethical8 -inancial +i!es4
Close to 7'ind/the/loo$hole8 !anage!ent
+he !anager ill (e (usy ith la and (orderline issues)
'orgetting strategy like G4"
E.tre!e e!$hasis on co!$etition) ith Iuality) risk and
ethics not in inde."
%ritten (y to ;oston Consulting Grou$ consultants (ut the;CG has changed vies according to the e(site4"
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easons 'or disaster engineering4
#. ,oor design not necessarily (ad design4
2" Shoddy !aintenance=" #nsu''icient) illegi(le or unavaila(le docu!entation
>" #nco!$etent sta'') !isunderstandings) tiredness
" #nsu''icient training
6" o or little testing o' disaster situationsQ" -ailing !easure!ents) or 'ailing to !easure
L" -ailing co!!unications
" A non/Iuality culture) o(edience) 'ear o' s$eaking u$
10" Organisation 'ailures
11" +i!e constraints) so!eti!es $olitical12" ;udget constraints) cost cutting
5hiles' Games /. "nviting Disaster . HarerBusiness 233#Tore Audun Høie
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Overall disaster conclusions Chiles 20014
All disasters had !ore than one cause
All disasters gave $rior arnings
3ack o' training central
Tore Audun Høie
Su!!ing u$ cha$ter
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Su!!ing u$ cha$ter
$ any transgressions only 'e covered here4
* oney considerations very i!$ortant -inancial +i!es
uses the e.$ression 7greed8 in Ca$italis! in Crisis
January 20124
* isk and sa'ety don$rioritied) so!eti!es ignored
* ,ro'essionalis! and e$utation a$$arently not i!$ortant
* e'lection not ides$read) $erha$s even in acade!ia"
* Enor!ous losses) even 'inancially) and so!eti!es
a threat to society"
Tore Audun Høie
Case 'or technologists:
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Case 'or technologists:
#SO 22000 ,rovenance• -olloing 'oods 'ro! source to delivery
• -ollo u$ $rocessing o' 'oods
• 9eter!ine age o' 'oods
• ,resenting history and origin 'or re$eat sales4
and should this (e li!ited to 'oods&
Select a 'ood) and descri(e ho you ould i!$le!ent an #C+
syste!" %ill this lead to increased or decreased sales& o is
this related to ethics&Tore Audun Høie
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#t is he ho knos the hatness o' the
thing ho has understanding in thehighest degree
Aristotle:
a$$iness is a virtuous activity o' the soul
oral virtue is a !ean or (alance4
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Homework for lecture 4
%ho as Aristotle& %hen and here did he live&
a!e at least to !aor (ooks that he authored"
%hat li'e vies did he have&
%hat can he teach us&
a!e at least to other $hiloso$hers 'ro! the sa!e $eriod) and
their in'luence today