Download - Ethics unit 2
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Unit 2: ETHICAL THEORIES
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2.1. Ethics and moral (I)• Morality is about how
individuals and their actions should be.
• Morality are the norms and values that society accepts and which may form a code of conduct or moral code.
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2.1. Ethics and moral (II)
• It deals with acts that we do so voluntarily, with full freedom and conscience. They are called “human acts”.
• We are also responsible for those acts made out of ignorance.
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2.1. Ethics and moral (III)
• Human acts can be:– MORAL ACTS: conform
to the moral code. E.g. to pay taxes.
– INMORAL ACTS: do not fit the moral code. E.g. driving with excessive speed.
– AMORAL ACTS: not related to morality. E.g. to take a nap.
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2.1. Ethics and moral (IV)
• Ethics is a branch of philosophy concerned to judge whether the rules and moral codes we currently have are valid or not.
• Ethics reflections on the freedom and responsibility of human beings acts.
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2.2. Heteronomy and Autonomy• People not only develop
physically and intellectually but also morally; the moral maturity does not come automatically with age.
• When we grow up, there is an increase of the person’s capacity to judge moral, that is, to judge whether something is good or bad morally.
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2.2. Heteronomous Stage
• At first, the children act out of impulses or instincts.
• Soon, children internalized values and norms from family, school, friends, media… Their own emotional experience is also very important.
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2.2. Autonomous Stage
• From adolescence, teenagers begin to rethink the values acquired during childhood.
• From now on they want to be responsible with the standards set by him. Now they are able to reason and argue the reasons why they have behave in a certain way.
• It should not be forgotten that the laws are decided by society and must be fulfilled even if one disagrees with them.
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2.3. ETHICAL THEORIES1. CLASSICAL GREEK ETHICS– SOPHISTS. They believed
that rules and customs were human inventions and depended on the point of view of each society and individual.
– “Man is the measure of all things” (Protagoras)
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2.3. ETHICAL THEORIES
– SOCRATES, PLATO AND ARISTOTLE. They argued that moral norms are universal, valid for all the world. They could be known rationally and aren’t dependent on the opinions of each individual.
• “If you know the Goodness, you will act well.” (Moral intellectualism)
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2.3. ETHICAL THEORIES– STOICISM. (Zeno)
thought that the individual has to adapt himself to the laws of the universe (accept fate). Happiness is achieved being austere, impassive and imperturbable.
• EPICUREANISM (Epicurus) said that the most important thing is pleasure (Hedonism). It should be a calculation between pleasure and pain that can push you to a certain action.
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2.3. ETHICAL THEORIES
2. CHRISTIAN ETHICS.• Jesus preached love to the neighbor. His teaching
has had a decisive influence on Western culture.• Christian religión is different from the others
because they believe that all men and women are brothers, since they are all children of God.
• Happiness is reached by getting closer to God and practicing love even to the enemy.
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2.3. ETHICAL THEORIES3. ETHICS IN MODERN AGE.• Renaissance: Humanism
appears. The human being is the center of the universo and the subject of ethics.
• Enlightenment: The utilitarian philosophy arises. What matters here is what is useful to the society. (John Stuart Mill)
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2.3. ETHICAL THEORIES• Marxist.