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Ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, boils at 198oC and melts at -13o C.
What happens to the melting point of water if you add antifreeze?
Melting point goes down.
Boiling Points - Distillations
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What happens to the boiling point of water if you add antifreeze?
The boiling point goes up.
Add Antifreeze
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Solids Usually melt low
LiquidsUsually boil between the two components
Mixtures
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Solution boils when the vapor pressure = applied pressure
Vapor pressure of water vs. temperature
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If you add salt, NaCl, to water what happens to the melting point?
Impurities depress the melting point so it goes down.
Add Salt
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If you add salt, NaCl, to water what happens to the boiling point?
The boiling point goes up.
Salt Boiling Point
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P = Po*NObserved Pressure
Pure Substance
Mole Fraction
Raoult’s Law
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C
O
CH3CH3
Acetoneb.p = 56o Benzene
b.p. = 80o
Two Volatile Liquids
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Pa = Poa * Naa
Pb = Pob * Nbb
Mixture boils when
Pa + Pb = Papplied
Two Volatile Liquids
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Plot of boiling point vs. mole fraction for a mixture of acetone and benzene.
Boiling point vs. mole fraction
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Boiling point of an acetone-benzene mixture with a mole fraction benzene of 0.50
What is the composition of the vapor?
Boiling point vs. mole fractionBoiling point vs. mole fraction
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Vapor richer in the lower boiling component
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Fractional Distillation
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Fractional Distillation
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HETP = 1.5 cm
Packed Column
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HETP = 10 cm
Vigreux Column
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Which column has the greater holdup?
Packed because it has the larger surface area.
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Separations
Which column would you use to separate a mixture of pentane, b.p. 36o and octane, b.p. 99o?
Vigreux
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Separations
Which column would you use to separate a mixture of methyl alcohol, b.p. 65o and water, b.p. 100o ?
Packed
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CH3OHmethyl alcoholmethanolb.p. = 64.7o
H2Owater
b.p. = 100o
Separate mixture of methanol and water. Plot volume distilled vs. temperature.
Experiment
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Setup
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CH3OH
Methyl alcohol is toxic!
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14/20
20 mm
14 mm
Standard Taper Joints
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Grease joints to prevent sticking.
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Thermowell
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Plug the thermowell into thevariable transformer
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Boiling Chips
Put boiling chips in bottom of flask
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Distilling Column
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Thermometer Adapter
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Digital Thermometer
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Probe for digital thermometer
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Digital Thermometer
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Water in
Water out
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Clamps
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Same interactions between like and unlike molecules
NONIDEAL MIXTURES:
Strong attractions between like molecules
Strong attractions between unlike molecules
A.
B.
IDEAL MIXTURES:
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Minimum - boiling azeotrope
Ethanol - Benzene
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Min Azeotrope
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Maximum-boiling azeotrope
Acetone - Chloroform
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Max Azeotrope
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Simple Distillation
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