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Eukaryotic cells have organelles.
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Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes in several ways:1) separation of nucleus from cytoplasm by
double membrane (nuclear envelope)2) DNA organized into distinct chromosomes (X-shaped)
3) complex membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria)
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Three Functional Categories of Eukaryotic Organelles
1) Manufacturing
Nucleus – genetic control center
- DNA & RNA synthesis and ribosome assemble
ribosomes: assemble amino acids into polypeptides (proteins/enzymes)
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Three Functional Categories of Eukaryotic Organelles
1) ManufacturingRough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) - network of interconnected membrane-
bound sacs
- “rough” appearance because ribosomes stuck to membrane surface
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Three Functional Categories of Eukaryotic Organelles
1) ManufacturingGolgi Apparatus (GA) “cell’s warehouse/factory”
- stacks of membrane-bound sacs
- work in close association with ER
- receive, store, modify products of ER
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Three Functional Categories of Eukaryotic Organelles
2) Breakdown of Material
Lysosomes
- produced by Rough ER & GA
- digest nutrients within cellVacuoles
- plant cells
- digest nutrients & storage sac
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Three Functional Categories of Eukaryotic Organelles
3) Energy Processing
Chloroplasts
- plant cells
- site of photosynthesis
- absorb sun light & transform this energy to food
- light absorbed in grana (stacked “solar packs”)
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Three Functional Categories of Eukaryotic Organelles
3) Energy Processing
Mitochondria – “cell powerhouse”
- cellular respiration
- double membrane
- folds (cristae) of inner membrane
- matrix is the inner fluid
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Advantages of membrane-bound organelles
• 1. compartments • 2. unique chemistry in different compartments
• 3. membranes themselves have enzymes embedded)
• 4. provides localized environment
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Advantages of membrane-bound organelles
• 1. compartments • 2. unique chemistry in different compartments
• 3. membranes themselves have enzymes embedded)
• 4. provides localized environment
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Origin of Eukaryotic Cells from Prokaryotes – Additional Evidence Supporting the
Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
• 1. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes similar to bacteria
• 2.Double membrane• 3. Circular DNA• 4. Looks like bacteria• 5. Reproduces by binary fission
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Road to Modern Organisms1st life was bacteria unicellular prokaryotes
Photosynthesis changed Earth’s atmosphere released O2 - cyanobacteria!!!!
2nd was unicellular eukaryotes Endosymbiotic Theory
3rd was multicellular organisms
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Origin of Eukaryotic cells
• The endosymbiotic theory is a theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms
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