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Evaluating Art by MeasuringComplexity
18 November 2014
Eelco den Heijer
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Introduction
• Autonomous Evolutionary Art
• Evolving art, images; using an aesthetic measure as the fitness function
• Complexity of the image is (only) one aspect of aesthetic appeal
• Relation between Art and Complexity is unclear
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Aesthetic Measures
• Compute aspects of beauty
• Information Complexity, Image Complexity, Processing Complexity
• Colour Harmony
• Symmetry & Balance
• Colour gradients
• Contrast
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Shannon Entropy
• Calculate entropy of the intensity of the pixels of an image
• Liveliness of an image
• Rigau et al, 2008 - Informational aesthetics measures. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 28(2):24–34, 2008
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Fractal Dimension
• Approximate self-similarity
• Use box-counting method
• Very difficult to ‘satisfy’ with our representation & EC parameters
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Machado/ Cardoso
• Calculate Image Complexity (IC) and Processing Complexity (PC)
• “Images that are visually complex, but are processed easily have the highest aesthetic value”
• Penousal Machado and Amílcar Cardoso. Computing aesthetics. In Proceedings of the Brazilian Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, SBIA-98, pages 219–229. Springer- Verlag, 1998.
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Machado/ Cardoso (2)
• Image complexity
• RMS(I) = difference in pixels between original image and compressed image (how well can you compress an image)
• Uses JPEG compressor, 75% quality setting
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Machado/ Cardoso (3)• Processing Complexity
• Calculates complexity at ‘multiple time points’
• Divide image into 4 equal parts, calculate processing complexity for each part
• Estimate the processing complexity using
• Fractal compression (Machado & Cardoso)
• JPEG 2000 compression (den Heijer & Eiben)
• Run-Length Encoding (Atkins et al)
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Facticity
• “Entropy and Kolmogorov complexity do not necessarily measure the interestingness of a system of a data set”
• Describes the amount of meaningful information of a dataset
• Pieter W. Adriaans. Between order and chaos: The quest for meaningful information. Theory Comput. Syst., 45(4):650–674, 2009
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Discussion
• The use of simple complexity estimation tools is merely the beginning in calculating aesthetic appreciation
• How does the brain process complexity?
• And how is this linked to aesthetic value?
• Processing fluency theory (Reber, 2004)
• We probably need better models of human visual processing