Evolution in the context of DEB theory
Bas KooijmanDept theoretical biology
Vrije Universiteit [email protected]
http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/
Wimereu, 2011/06/14
Mouse goes preying 2.1c
On the island Gough, the house mouse Mus musculus
preys on chicks of seabirds, Tristan albatross Diomedea dabbenena
Atlantic petrel Pterodroma incerta
The bird weights are 250 the mouse weight of 40 g,Mice typically weigh 15 g
99% of these bird speciesbreed on Gough and are
now threatened with extinction
Dwarfing in Platyrrhini 8.1.2
Perelman et al 2011 Plos Genetics 7, 3, e1001342
24
.82
0.2
MYA
CallitrixCallitrix
CebuellaCebuella
MicoMicoLeontopithecusLeontopithecus
AotusAotus
SaimiriSaimiri
CebusCebus
780-1250 g
400-450 g480-700 g
400-535 g
3500 g
700-1000 g
200-400 g
130 g
180 g
CallimicoCallimico
SaguinusSaguinus
Ceb
idae
Altricial & Precocial Finfoots 2.5.2e
Heliopais personata,Asian finfoot
Podica senegalensis,African finfoot
Heliornis fulicaAmerican finfoot
Central Metabolism 3.8.2b
polymers
monomers
waste/source
source
Evolution of central metabolism 10.2.1
i = inverseACS = acetyl-CoA Synthase pathway PP = Pentose Phosphate cycleTCA = TriCarboxylic Acid cycle
RC = Respiratory Chain Gly = Glycolysis
Kooijman, Hengeveld 2005
in prokaryotes (= bacteria)3.8 Ga 2.7 Ga
Evolution of DEB systems 10.3
variable structure
composition
strong homeostasisfor structure
delay of use ofinternal substrates
increase ofmaintenance costs
internalisation of maintenance asdemand process
installation ofmaturation program
strong homeostasisfor reserve
reproductionjuvenile embryo + adult
Kooijman & Troost 2007 Biol Rev, 82, 1-30
54321
specialization of structure
7
8
an
ima
ls
6
pro
ka
ryo
tes
9plants
Evolution of DEB systems 10.3a
• Start: variable biomass composition, passive uptake• Strong homeostasis stoichiometric constraints• Reserves: delay of use of internalised substrates storage, weak homeostasis• Maintenance requirements: turnover (e.g. active uptake by carriers), regulation• Maintenance from reserve instead of substrate; increase reserve capacity• Control of morphology via maturation; -rule cell cycle • Diversification of assimilation (litho- photo- heterotrophy)
Eukaryotisation: heterotrophic start; unique event?• Syntrophy & compartmentalisation: mitochondria, genome reorganisation• Phagocytosis, plastids (acquisition of phototrophy)
Plant trajectory: site fixation• Differentiation of root and shoot• Emergence of life stages• Increase of metabolic flexibility (draught)• Nutrient acquisition via transpiration• Symbioses with animals, fungi, bacteria (e.g. re-mineralisation leaf litter, pollination)
Animal trajectory: biotrophy• Reduction of number of reserves• Emergence of life stages• Further increase of maintenance costs• Further increase of reserve capacity• Socialisation• Supply demand systems
Symbiogenesis 10.4g
2.7 Ga 2.1 Ga 1.27 Gaphagocytosis
Symbiogenesis 10.4p
• symbioses: fundamental organisation of life based on syntrophy ranges from weak to strong interactions; basis of biodiversity• symbiogenesis: evolution of eukaryotes (mitochondria, plastids)• DEB model is closed under symbiogenesis: it is possible to model symbiogenesis of two initially independently living populations that follow the DEB rules by incremental changes of parameter values such that a single population emerges that again follows the DEB rules• essential property for models that apply to all organisms
Kooijman, Auger, Poggiale, Kooi 2003 Quantitative steps in symbiogenesis and the evolution of homeostasisBiological Reviews 78: 435 - 463
Symbiosis 10.4m
product
substrate
Symbiosis 10.4n
substrate substrate
Internalization
Structures merge Reserves merge
Free-living, clusteringFree-living, homogeneous
Steps in symbiogenesis 10.4o
Syntrophy 9.1.2
Coupling hydrogen & methane production energy generation aspect at aerobic/anaerobic interface
HOHCCHOCOOHC
OHCHHCHOH
HHOHCOOHOHC
222
34
42222
33242262
2432
23322262
ethanol acetate dihydrogen
dihydrogen methane
methane hydrates >300 m deep, < 8Clinked with nutrient supply
bicarbonate
Total:
Allocation to soma 10.5.2
κ κ κ
pop
grow
th r
ate,
d-1
max
rep
rod
rate
, #d-1
surv
ivor
func
tion
Frequency distribution of κ among species in the add_my_pet collection:
Mean κ = 0.75, but optimum is κ = 0.5
Lika et al 2011 J. Sea Res, to appear