Exercise ScienceExercise ScienceSection 3: The Muscular SystemSection 3: The Muscular System
An Introduction to Health and Physical An Introduction to Health and Physical EducationEducation
Ted TemertzoglouTed Temertzoglou Paul Challen Paul ChallenISBN 1-55077-132-9ISBN 1-55077-132-9
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Major Functions of MusclesMajor Functions of Muscles
Movement Includes: breathing, eating, and
the beating of our hearts Support Heat production
There are over 600 muscles in the human body.
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Three Types of Muscle TissueThree Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscles: Voluntary, striated, and attach
to bones by tendons and other tissue
Cardiac muscles: Involuntary, striated, and
found in one place – the heart
Smooth muscles: Involuntary, non-striated, and
surround the body’s internal organs
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
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Properties of Muscle FibreProperties of Muscle Fibre
Irritability Refers to muscle responding to stimuli
Contractibility Refers to muscle shortening in length
ElasticityRefers to muscle stretching and returning to normal position
Extensibility Refers to muscle extending in length
Conductivity Refers to muscle transmitting nerve impulses
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Neuromuscular JunctionNeuromuscular Junction
Sarcolemma
Axon
Receptor
Neurotransmitteracetylcholine (Ach)
Axon Terminal
Synaptic Cleft
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The Motor UnitThe Motor Unit
Dendrites
Neuron cell body
Muscle fibres
Neuromuscular junction
Terminal branches
Axon hillock
Myelin sheathNeurolemma
Motor neuron
Direction of action potential
Motor end plate
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The Anatomy of Skeletal MuscleThe Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Muscle fibre looking outward:
Perimysium Binds muscle fibres together
Epimysium Sheath enveloping entire muscle
Muscle fibre looking inward: Endomysium
Sheath of connective tissue surrounding muscle fibre
Sarcolemma Contains cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)
Myofibrils Contain actin and myosin
Sarcomeres Contains myosin and actin
Perimysium
Muscle fibre
Epimysium
Endomysium
Muscle belly
Tendon
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Muscle FibreMuscle Fibre
Z lineSarcomere
Sarcoplasmic reticulumSarcolemma
Tendon
Thin filamentThick filament
Muscle belly
Muscle Fibre
Sarcomere
Epimysium Perimysium
Z line
Myofibril
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How Muscles Are NamedHow Muscles Are Named
Action/Function Flexion/Extension
Direction of Fibres Rectus/Transversus
Location Anterior/Posterior
Number of Divisions/Heads Number of heads
Shape Deltoid/Trapezius
Points of Attachment Sternum/Clavicle/Mastoid process
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How Muscles Attach to BoneHow Muscles Attach to Bone
Indirect attachment: Epimysium extends past muscle
as a tendon Attaches to periosteum of bone
Direct attachment: Epimysium adheres to and fuses
with the periosteum
Point of attachment
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Antagonistic PairsAntagonistic Pairs
ExamplesAgonist (Prime Mover) Antagonist
(Counteracts)
Elbow flexion Biceps brachii Triceps brachii
Shoulder abduction Deltoid Latissimus dorsi
Medial shoulder rotation
Pectoralis major Infraspinatus
Knee extension Quadriceps Hamstrings
Wrist flexion Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis
Dorsi flexion Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius
Trunk flexion Rectus abdominis Erector spinae group
Hip flexion Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus
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Origin, Insertion, and FunctionOrigin, Insertion, and Function
Origin: Proximal attachment
Where muscle attaches to the least moveable area of the bones of the axial skeleton
Insertion: Distal attachment
Where muscle attaches to the bone that is moved most
Function: Action/motion
What the muscle does when activated
Origin
Insertion
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Types of Muscle ContractionTypes of Muscle Contraction
Concentric: Muscle fibres shorten
Eccentric: Muscle fibres lengthen
Isometric: Muscle fibres do not change in
length
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Muscle Contraction During ExerciseMuscle Contraction During Exercise
Isotonic exercise Controlled shortening and
lengthening of the muscle Isometric exercise
No motion – muscle fibres maintain a constant length throughout contraction
Isokinetic exercise Use machines to control
speed of contractions Combines best features
of both isotonic and isometric training
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tockphoto.com/”M
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The Sliding Filament TheoryThe Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the thin filaments): Attach, rotate, detach, and reattach in rapid succession Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction) Known as the sliding filament theory
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The Sliding Filament TheoryThe Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the thin filaments)
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The Sliding Filament TheoryThe Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges Attach, rotate, detach, and re-attach in rapid succession
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The Sliding Filament TheoryThe Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction)
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The Role of Adenosine TriphosphateThe Role of Adenosine Triphosphate
The sliding filament theory at the molecular level: Nerve impulse transmitted through the muscle fibre and releases
calcium ions Calcium (in presence of troponin and tropomyosin) facilitates
the interaction of myosin and actin molecules Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy source behind the
release of calcium ATP detaches myosin from the actin molecule ATP must be replaced through food metabolism for process to
continue
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The Role of CalciumThe Role of Calcium Sarcolemma
Outer vessicle of sarcoplasmic reticulum(Terminal cisternae)
Transverse tubule(T-tubule)
A band
Myofibrils
Longitudinal tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum
I band
Triad
Z line
H zone
Terminal cisternaeTransverse tubuleTerminal cisternae
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Anterior MusclesAnterior Muscles
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Posterior MusclesPosterior Muscles
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Muscles of the NeckMuscles of the Neck
Semispinalis capitis
Splenius
Scalenus medius
Scalenus anterior
Sternocleidomastoid
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Muscles of the Vertebral ColumnMuscles of the Vertebral Column
Occipital bone
Mastoid processNuchal line
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
Erector spinae group
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Muscles of RespirationMuscles of Respiration
Internal intercostals
Internal thoracic artery and vein
Sternum
Transversus thoracis
Diaphragm (thoracic)
Transversus abdominis
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Muscles of the AbdomenMuscles of the Abdomen
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Quadratus lumborum (deep)
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Clavicular head of pectoralis major
Sterncostal head of pectoralis major
Muscles of the ShoulderMuscles of the Shoulder
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Muscles of the Shoulder – cont’dMuscles of the Shoulder – cont’d
Latissimus dorsi
InfraspinatusInfraspinatus
Supraspinatus
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Muscles of the Rotator CuffMuscles of the Rotator Cuff
Supraspinatus
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
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Muscles of the Rotator Cuff – cont’dMuscles of the Rotator Cuff – cont’d
Subscapularis
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Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Trapezius
Teres major
Muscles that Act on the ScapulaMuscles that Act on the Scapula
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Muscles that Act on the Scapula – cont’dMuscles that Act on the Scapula – cont’d
Teres major
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Muscles that Move the HumerusMuscles that Move the Humerus
Deltoid (anterior and lateral heads)
Coracobrachialis
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Muscles that Move the Humerus – cont’dMuscles that Move the Humerus – cont’d
Pectoralis minor
Coracobrachialis
Serratus anterior
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Elbow Flexors / Extensors – AnteriorElbow Flexors / Extensors – Anterior
Biceps brachii
Pronator teres
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
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Elbow Flexors / Extensors – PosteriorElbow Flexors / Extensors – Posterior
Triceps brachii (short head)
Triceps brachii (long head)
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Muscles of the Forearm – AnteriorMuscles of the Forearm – Anterior
Biceps brachii
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Pronator quadratus (deep)
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Muscles of the Forearm – PosteriorMuscles of the Forearm – Posterior
Brachioradialis
Triceps brachii (lateral head)
Anconeus
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Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior (deep)Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior (deep)
Supinator
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Extrinsic Hand Muscles – AnteriorExtrinsic Hand Muscles – Anterior
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnarisFlexor digitorum superficialis
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Extrinsic Hand Muscles – PosteriorExtrinsic Hand Muscles – Posterior
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor digitorumExtensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digit minimi
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Intrinsic Hand MusclesIntrinsic Hand Muscles
Thenar eminence
Hypothenar eminence
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Muscles of the Hip – AnteriorMuscles of the Hip – Anterior
Psoas minor
Psoas major
Iliacus
Iliopsoas
Tensor fasciae latae
Pectineus
Sartorius
Gracilis
Rectus femoris
Iliotibial tract (band)
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Muscles of the Hip – PosteriorMuscles of the Hip – PosteriorGluteus medius
Gluteus minimusGluteus maximus (cut)
Gracilis
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Muscles of the Hip – Anterior (adductors)Muscles of the Hip – Anterior (adductors)
Pectineus (cut)
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Adductor group
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Muscles of the Thigh – AnteriorMuscles of the Thigh – Anterior
Rectus femorisVastus intermedius (underneath)
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Quadriceps femoris group
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Muscles of the Thigh – PosteriorMuscles of the Thigh – Posterior
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Hamstring muscle group
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Extrinsic Foot Muscles – AnteriorExtrinsic Foot Muscles – Anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
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Extrinsic Foot Muscles – PosteriorExtrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior
Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
Gastrocnemius(medial and lateral heads)
Soleus
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Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior (deep)Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior (deep)
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis(Peroneus) longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Fibularis (Peroneus) brevis
Flexor digitorum longus
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Intrinsic Foot Muscles – SuperficialIntrinsic Foot Muscles – Superficial
Flexor digitorum brevis
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Intrinsic Foot Muscles – IntermediateIntrinsic Foot Muscles – Intermediate
Quadratus plantae
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Intrinsic Foot Muscles – DeepIntrinsic Foot Muscles – Deep
Flexor hallucis brevis
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