![Page 1: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure: Artin’sProof
Ayan Sengupta
March 15, 2015
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 1 / 16
![Page 2: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Recall
A relation ≤R on a set S is called partial ordering if
a ≤R b and b ≤R a =⇒ a = b ∀a, b ∈ S
a ≤R b and b ≤R c =⇒ a ≤R c ∀a, b, c ∈ S
A subset T of a partially ordered set S is called Totally ordered if∀s, t ∈ T s ≤R t or, t ≤R s.An upper bound of a totally ordered subset T of a partially ordered set(S ,≤R) is an element s ∈ S such that t ≤R s ∀t ∈ T .A maximal element of (S ,≤R) is an element s ∈ S such that s ≤R s
′=⇒
s = s′.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 2 / 16
![Page 3: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Recall
A relation ≤R on a set S is called partial ordering if
a ≤R b and b ≤R a =⇒ a = b ∀a, b ∈ S
a ≤R b and b ≤R c =⇒ a ≤R c ∀a, b, c ∈ S
A subset T of a partially ordered set S is called Totally ordered if∀s, t ∈ T s ≤R t or, t ≤R s.
An upper bound of a totally ordered subset T of a partially ordered set(S ,≤R) is an element s ∈ S such that t ≤R s ∀t ∈ T .A maximal element of (S ,≤R) is an element s ∈ S such that s ≤R s
′=⇒
s = s′.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 2 / 16
![Page 4: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Recall
A relation ≤R on a set S is called partial ordering if
a ≤R b and b ≤R a =⇒ a = b ∀a, b ∈ S
a ≤R b and b ≤R c =⇒ a ≤R c ∀a, b, c ∈ S
A subset T of a partially ordered set S is called Totally ordered if∀s, t ∈ T s ≤R t or, t ≤R s.An upper bound of a totally ordered subset T of a partially ordered set(S ,≤R) is an element s ∈ S such that t ≤R s ∀t ∈ T .
A maximal element of (S ,≤R) is an element s ∈ S such that s ≤R s′
=⇒s = s
′.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 2 / 16
![Page 5: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Recall
A relation ≤R on a set S is called partial ordering if
a ≤R b and b ≤R a =⇒ a = b ∀a, b ∈ S
a ≤R b and b ≤R c =⇒ a ≤R c ∀a, b, c ∈ S
A subset T of a partially ordered set S is called Totally ordered if∀s, t ∈ T s ≤R t or, t ≤R s.An upper bound of a totally ordered subset T of a partially ordered set(S ,≤R) is an element s ∈ S such that t ≤R s ∀t ∈ T .A maximal element of (S ,≤R) is an element s ∈ S such that s ≤R s
′=⇒
s = s′.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 2 / 16
![Page 6: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Zorn’s Lemma
Zorn’s LemmaIf every totally ordered subset of (S ,≤R) has an upper bound, then S hasa maximal element.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 3 / 16
![Page 7: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Zorn’s Lemma
Corollary 1Every commutative ring R has a maximal ideal M.Proof : Straight forward!Take the partially ordered set to be S , the set of all proper ideals of Rwith the ordering ⊆.Take any chain of ideals (totally ordered subset) of R -I0 ⊆ I1 ⊆ I2....It can easily verified that I = ∪Ii 6=< 1 > is a proper ideal of R and everyIi ⊆ I .Hence, I is an upper bound of the chain in S .Hence, Zorn’s lemmaimplies that S has a maximal element i.e. a maximal ideal in R.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 4 / 16
![Page 8: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Some Definitions
Definition : Algebraically Closed Fieldevery f (x) ∈ F [x ] of degree ≥ 1 has a root in F .Quick fact :To show a field algebraically closed it is sufficient to show that everymonic polynomial over it has a root in it.
Definition : Algebraic ClosureE ⊇ F is said to be algebraic closure of F if E is algebraic over F and E isalgebraically closed.e.g. - C is the algebraic closure of R.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 5 / 16
![Page 9: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Some Definitions
Definition : Algebraically Closed Fieldevery f (x) ∈ F [x ] of degree ≥ 1 has a root in F .Quick fact :To show a field algebraically closed it is sufficient to show that everymonic polynomial over it has a root in it.Definition : Algebraic ClosureE ⊇ F is said to be algebraic closure of F if E is algebraic over F and E isalgebraically closed.e.g. - C is the algebraic closure of R.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 5 / 16
![Page 10: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Theorem (Proposition 1)
Every field F has an algebraic closure which is unique upto isomorphism.
Proof : This proof was constructed by Emil Artin.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 6 / 16
![Page 11: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Existence of Algebraic Closure
S = f (x) ∈ F [x ]| f is monic . For each element f (x) in S we assign anindeterminant xf .Consider the ring F [S ], the polynomial ring with indeterminants xf .Consider the ideal I =< f (xf ) >f ∈S in F [S ].
Claim : I 6=< 1 >.Suppose I =< 1 >. Then
r∑i=1
gi .fki (xfki ) = 1 (1)
for some indexing ki and gi ∈ F [S ]. Now, we have r polynomials fki fori = 1, 2, ...r . Take F0 = F [S ]. If fk1 is irreducible in F0 then takeF1 = F0/ < fk1 >.Else F1 = F0.In this way we can generate Fr such that every polynomial fk1 , fk2 , ...fkr hasa root in it.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 7 / 16
![Page 12: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Existence of Algebraic Closure
S = f (x) ∈ F [x ]| f is monic . For each element f (x) in S we assign anindeterminant xf .Consider the ring F [S ], the polynomial ring with indeterminants xf .Consider the ideal I =< f (xf ) >f ∈S in F [S ].Claim : I 6=< 1 >.
Suppose I =< 1 >. Then
r∑i=1
gi .fki (xfki ) = 1 (1)
for some indexing ki and gi ∈ F [S ]. Now, we have r polynomials fki fori = 1, 2, ...r . Take F0 = F [S ]. If fk1 is irreducible in F0 then takeF1 = F0/ < fk1 >.Else F1 = F0.In this way we can generate Fr such that every polynomial fk1 , fk2 , ...fkr hasa root in it.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 7 / 16
![Page 13: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Existence of Algebraic Closure
S = f (x) ∈ F [x ]| f is monic . For each element f (x) in S we assign anindeterminant xf .Consider the ring F [S ], the polynomial ring with indeterminants xf .Consider the ideal I =< f (xf ) >f ∈S in F [S ].Claim : I 6=< 1 >.Suppose I =< 1 >. Then
r∑i=1
gi .fki (xfki ) = 1 (1)
for some indexing ki and gi ∈ F [S ]. Now, we have r polynomials fki fori = 1, 2, ...r . Take F0 = F [S ]. If fk1 is irreducible in F0 then takeF1 = F0/ < fk1 >.Else F1 = F0.In this way we can generate Fr such that every polynomial fk1 , fk2 , ...fkr hasa root in it.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 7 / 16
![Page 14: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Existence of Algebraic Closure
Precisely, if the image of xfki in Fi−1[S ]/ < fki > is ¯xfki , then
f ( ¯xfki ) = ¯f (xfki ) = 0 in Fi .In Fr , if we substitute xfki by ¯xfki in equation (1) then we get
1 =r∑
i=1
gi .fki ( ¯xfki ) = 0 (2)
contradiction.Hence our claim is verified.Now, as I 6= 1 we can conclude from the above corollary that somemaximal ideal m of F [S ] contains I .Now we take E0 = F [S ] and E1 = E0/m.In E1 every f (x) ∈ S has a root. Moreover, in E1 every f (x) ∈ F [x ] has aroot. (Precisely, roots are xf )
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 8 / 16
![Page 15: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Existence of Algebraic Closure
Precisely, if the image of xfki in Fi−1[S ]/ < fki > is ¯xfki , then
f ( ¯xfki ) = ¯f (xfki ) = 0 in Fi .In Fr , if we substitute xfki by ¯xfki in equation (1) then we get
1 =r∑
i=1
gi .fki ( ¯xfki ) = 0 (2)
contradiction.Hence our claim is verified.Now, as I 6= 1 we can conclude from the above corollary that somemaximal ideal m of F [S ] contains I .
Now we take E0 = F [S ] and E1 = E0/m.In E1 every f (x) ∈ S has a root. Moreover, in E1 every f (x) ∈ F [x ] has aroot. (Precisely, roots are xf )
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 8 / 16
![Page 16: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Existence of Algebraic Closure
Precisely, if the image of xfki in Fi−1[S ]/ < fki > is ¯xfki , then
f ( ¯xfki ) = ¯f (xfki ) = 0 in Fi .In Fr , if we substitute xfki by ¯xfki in equation (1) then we get
1 =r∑
i=1
gi .fki ( ¯xfki ) = 0 (2)
contradiction.Hence our claim is verified.Now, as I 6= 1 we can conclude from the above corollary that somemaximal ideal m of F [S ] contains I .Now we take E0 = F [S ] and E1 = E0/m.
In E1 every f (x) ∈ S has a root. Moreover, in E1 every f (x) ∈ F [x ] has aroot. (Precisely, roots are xf )
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 8 / 16
![Page 17: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Existence of Algebraic Closure
Precisely, if the image of xfki in Fi−1[S ]/ < fki > is ¯xfki , then
f ( ¯xfki ) = ¯f (xfki ) = 0 in Fi .In Fr , if we substitute xfki by ¯xfki in equation (1) then we get
1 =r∑
i=1
gi .fki ( ¯xfki ) = 0 (2)
contradiction.Hence our claim is verified.Now, as I 6= 1 we can conclude from the above corollary that somemaximal ideal m of F [S ] contains I .Now we take E0 = F [S ] and E1 = E0/m.In E1 every f (x) ∈ S has a root. Moreover, in E1 every f (x) ∈ F [x ] has aroot. (Precisely, roots are xf )
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 8 / 16
![Page 18: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Inductively, we construct E0 ⊆ E1 ⊆ E2....We take E = ∪Ei . Then E is a field extension of F .
E is also algebraically closed.Consider E
′= u ∈ E |u is algebraic over F. We will show that E
′is an
algebraic extension of F (which is clear from our construction) and it isalgebraically closed.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 9 / 16
![Page 19: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Inductively, we construct E0 ⊆ E1 ⊆ E2....We take E = ∪Ei . Then E is a field extension of F .E is also algebraically closed.
Consider E′
= u ∈ E |u is algebraic over F. We will show that E′
is analgebraic extension of F (which is clear from our construction) and it isalgebraically closed.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 9 / 16
![Page 20: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Inductively, we construct E0 ⊆ E1 ⊆ E2....We take E = ∪Ei . Then E is a field extension of F .E is also algebraically closed.Consider E
′= u ∈ E |u is algebraic over F.
We will show that E′
is analgebraic extension of F (which is clear from our construction) and it isalgebraically closed.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 9 / 16
![Page 21: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Inductively, we construct E0 ⊆ E1 ⊆ E2....We take E = ∪Ei . Then E is a field extension of F .E is also algebraically closed.Consider E
′= u ∈ E |u is algebraic over F. We will show that E
′is an
algebraic extension of F (which is clear from our construction) and it isalgebraically closed.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 9 / 16
![Page 22: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure
Theorem
If Ω is an algebraically closed field containing F , and let E be an algebraicextension of F . Then there exists an F -homomorphism from E → Ω.Moreover, if E is algebraically closed then this homomorphism is anisomorphism.
Proof :Consider the inclusion map σ : F → Ω
Now, if E = F [α1, α2, ...αn] then, we can construct our F -homomorphismσ as follows:for each αi take the minimal polynomial over F . Let α
′i is a root of the
minimal polynomial in Ω then σ(αi ) = α′i
It is clear that this procedure will give us a homomorphism σ : E → Ωsuch that σ|F = σ.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 10 / 16
![Page 23: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure
Theorem
If Ω is an algebraically closed field containing F , and let E be an algebraicextension of F . Then there exists an F -homomorphism from E → Ω.Moreover, if E is algebraically closed then this homomorphism is anisomorphism.
Proof :Consider the inclusion map σ : F → ΩNow, if E = F [α1, α2, ...αn] then, we can construct our F -homomorphismσ as follows:for each αi take the minimal polynomial over F . Let α
′i is a root of the
minimal polynomial in Ω then σ(αi ) = α′i
It is clear that this procedure will give us a homomorphism σ : E → Ωsuch that σ|F = σ.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 10 / 16
![Page 24: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure
Theorem
If Ω is an algebraically closed field containing F , and let E be an algebraicextension of F . Then there exists an F -homomorphism from E → Ω.Moreover, if E is algebraically closed then this homomorphism is anisomorphism.
Proof :Consider the inclusion map σ : F → ΩNow, if E = F [α1, α2, ...αn] then, we can construct our F -homomorphismσ as follows:for each αi take the minimal polynomial over F . Let α
′i is a root of the
minimal polynomial in Ω then σ(αi ) = α′i
It is clear that this procedure will give us a homomorphism σ : E → Ωsuch that σ|F = σ.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 10 / 16
![Page 25: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure
For general case,Let S be the set of all fields M, F ⊆ M ⊆ E along with the correspondingF -homomorphism (M, σM) and let the partial ordering be(M, σM) ≤R (N, σN) if M ⊆ N and σN |M = σM .Now take a totally ordered subset T of S .M
′= ∪M∈TM is a field containing F and we define the corresponding
F -homomorphism, σM′ as follows:
if a ∈ M′
is in Mi , then σM′ (a) = σMi(a). Hence, (M
′, σM′ ) is an upper
bound of T .Hence, Zorn’s lemma implies that S has a maximal element (Mmax , σMmax ).Claim : Mmax = E .
Proof :
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 11 / 16
![Page 26: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure
For general case,Let S be the set of all fields M, F ⊆ M ⊆ E along with the correspondingF -homomorphism (M, σM) and let the partial ordering be(M, σM) ≤R (N, σN) if M ⊆ N and σN |M = σM .Now take a totally ordered subset T of S .M
′= ∪M∈TM is a field containing F and we define the corresponding
F -homomorphism, σM′ as follows:
if a ∈ M′
is in Mi , then σM′ (a) = σMi(a). Hence, (M
′, σM′ ) is an upper
bound of T .Hence, Zorn’s lemma implies that S has a maximal element (Mmax , σMmax ).Claim : Mmax = E .Proof :
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 11 / 16
![Page 27: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure
If E is algebraically closed, then σ : E → Ω is an isomorphism.
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 12 / 16
![Page 28: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Any Questions ?
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 13 / 16
![Page 29: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
References
J.S.Milne (2012)
Fields and Galois Theory
Patrick Morandi (2004)
Artin’s Construction of an Algebraic Closure
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 14 / 16
![Page 30: Existence and Uniqueness of Algebraic Closure](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052509/55c36920bb61eb0e248b487d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Thank you
Ayan Sengupta March 15, 2015 15 / 16