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MAYANK MITTAL
NEERAJ BHATT
NETWORK OPERATIONS
TTSL
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Agenda
Introduction
Services Offered
Brief History
What is CDMA
CDMA 1 x Network Architecture Basic Call Flow
CDMA Advantages
CDMA Services
EVDO Overview
3 G
4 G
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Introduction
TTSL Incorporated in 1996
First launced CDMA Mobile Services in Andhra Pradesh
Brand Name is Tata Indicom
Operates CDMA 3G 1x Mobile Services in 20 Circles
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Services
TATA Indicom CDMA Mobile ( Voice & Data )
Fixed Wireless Terminal ( For Limited Mobility )
Vo-Data Card & USB Modem for Laptop & PCs for
Highspeed Internet connectivity
Pay Telephone Booth & CCB ( PCO )
Fixed Wireline Phone Connection with Broadband
ISDN Connections to Customer & Corporates
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A Brief History
Mobile telephony started with the need forcommunication, to a person on the move
The initial versions of Mobile phones worked
on analog technology (1G).
They worked on wide area broadcast principle
similar to a Radio orTV system
Each Transmitter site covered large areas
No hand-offs between two sites
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A Brief History
Owing to the capacity limitation of such a mobile system
The Cell concept was introduced
The Cell allowed re-use of frequency spectrum.
This also warranted for the call hand-offs between cells
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ultiple Access Technologies?
FDMA (example : Analog )Frequency Division Multiple Access
each user has a private frequency
TDMA ( example: GSM )Time Division Multiple Access
each user has private time and privatefrequency
CDMA ( example : IS 95 , 1 x )Code Division Multiple Access
users co-mingle in time and frequency
but each user has a private code
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What is CDMA?
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a wireless cellulartechnology
Developed originally by Qualcomm
CDMA was adopted by the
T
elecommunications IndustryAssociation (TIA) in 1993
Uses the principle of spread spectrum communication
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What is CDMA?
Spread Spectrum technology, spreads the information containedin a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth
than the original signal.
All users share the same bandwidth
Users separated by a unique Walsh code which are orthogonal& not a timeslot or frequency
Each user is spread in the frequency domain
At the Receiver end users are de-spread using their own uniquecode.
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Spectrum Requirement
CDMA Carrier Bandwidth = 1.23 MHz
Guard Band = 0.27 MHz on either side
CDMA Channel Band:- Forward Link - 869894 MHz
- Reverse Link - 824849 MHz
Frequency Calculations:
Transmitter Channel No. Frequency
Mobile 1
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Cdma Network Architechture
1XAir-IF
Mobile
Station
PSTN
IS-41CBSC
IN
HLR/
AuC
PLMN
SMSC
VMS OtherMSC
MSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
PSTN
PLMN
PDSN
Internet
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CDMA 1X Network Architechure
The cdma 1X system primarily consists of following basic
network -
Core Switching Network
Radio Access Network
Packet Core Network
Adjuncts
Transmission Network
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CoreSwitchingNetwork ( CSN )
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Provides all of switching and signaling functions
Establishes call from and to MS within a service area as well as
different service areas.
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
The VLR contains the information (Users profile, Users location
information etc) of subscribers who are attached to the systemwhich helps to make correct routing of (terminating) calls
Home Location Register (HLR/AuC)
Database that stores and manages subscribers profiles.
Contains Electronic Serial Number (ESN), Mobile Identification
Number (MIN) etc. and the restrictions for call making eligibility
AuC handles subscriber authentication and encryption functions
for security purposes and interworks with MSC through HLR.
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Radio Access Network
BSC ( Base Station Controller)
All radio resources are primarily managed by the BSC.
Handles connections to Mobile Stations including hand-off.
It is connected with MSC for providing services to MS
(Mobile Station) through BTS.
Also connected to the PDSN to provide packet data services
to the MS.
Performs vocoding of the voice signal
Routes calls to the MSC.
Handles call control processes
Traffic Handler, Power Control, Frame selection/distribution
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Radio Access Network
BTS ( Base Transceiver Station)
Provides transmission and reception of radio communication for
interfacing with the MS Provide the radio connection betweenmobile users and the switch
Connected with Base Station Controller for providing services
to the MS.
Performs the CDMA processing of all signals including power
control and handoffs
BTS allocates radio resources
Consists of 3 Sectors
MS ( Mobile Station) MS is the wireless terminal used by subscribers to access the CDMA
network over a radio interface.
The MS includes portable units, packet data access units, and units
installed in vehicles, and fixed Terminals.
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Packet CoreNetwork(PCN)
PDSN (Packet Data Service node)
PDSN provides mobile communication subscribers with packetdata service through interface with Internet network and PSPDNnetwork.
AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting) It contains subscriber packet data provisioning information and
is used to authenticate and determine the parameters of a
subscribers packet data session. AAA also generates Billing Records (UDRs - - - Usage Data
Records) for packet data usage.
HA - FA ( Home Agent - Foreign Agent) The FA is the critical entity in the PCN, which makes mobility
services available in the network.
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Adjuncts
Adjunct systems provide value-added services to the
subscribers of the the network.
Short Message Service Center (SMSC)
SMSC is responsible for the relaying, storing and forwarding of sho
messages between the mobile station and other networks.
Voice Mailing System (VMS)
The VMS provides facilities to callers for recording voice messages
for retrieval later by the CDMA subscribers.
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Adjuncts Cont
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
OMC performs operation and maintenance functions for allelements in the network.
Customer Care and Billing System (CCBS) CCBS collects and processes the charging data and manages
call information.
WIN( Wireless Intelligent Network)
Supports various features/services like prepaid, VPN, Free phone
etc.
OTAF ( OverThe Air Function)
The OTAF is an entity that interfaces to the Customer Care tosupport service-provisioning activities.
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TransmissionNetwork
Transmission Network provides physical connectivity between different NetworkElements. It provides the physical media through which the data flows betweentwo elements in a Network.
Types ofTransmission Systems
Copper Wire Copper pair is used to connect two communication elements
through Modems (BTS- Tx system , Switch to POI )
Optical Fibre Communication System Optical Fibre is used as a media between two network elements to carry high
bandwidth data upto 10 Gbps.
PDH optical Transmission System
SDH optical Transmission System ( Data rates from STM- 1 TO STM 64 )
DWDM
Microwave Communication System Microwaves between 1 GHz to 30 GHz is used to connect two Elements.
PDH Microwave Radios & SDH Microwave Radios
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Pilot Channel (F-PICH)- W0
Provide a reference signal for all MSs that provides the phase
reference for Coherent demodulation
Used for Soft handoff trigger
Sync Channel (SYNC)-W32
Provides System Time and Network IDs
Paging Channel(s) (F-PCH)- W1Pages the MS in case of an incoming call, or to carry the control
messages for call set up
Uses W1-W7
Fundamental Channels (F-FCH)- W8-W63
Support Voice and Low Bit Rate Data, Control, and Signaling
Supplementary Channel (F-SCH)
Support High Bit Rate Data upto 153.6 Kbps
Forward Link
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ReverseLink
Access Channel Used to originate call requests or respond to page
messages received from the base stations.
Pilot Channel (R-PICH)Provides Phase Reference to the BTS for Coherent
Demodulation
Fast Power Control for BTS Transmit
Fundamental Channel (R-FCH) Support Voice and Low Bit Rate Data, Control, and
Signalling
Supplementary Channel (R-SCH) Support High Bit Rate Data for upto 153.6 Kbps
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Types of Handoff inCDMAHandoffs happens when Mobile moves between the cells while the
mobile is in traffic or idle to avoid call drop
Soft Hand-off Make before break
The mobile communicates with multiple BTSs during the hand-off
Softer Hand-off Make before Make
Hand-off between two sectors in the same cellThe mobile communicates with two sectors during the hand-off
Hard Hand-off Break before Make
CDMA to CDMA on different frequencies
CDMA to CDMA on different bands
CDMA to analog (AMPS)
Inter System Handoff
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LocationUpdation
Is required to deliver the incoming calls to the Mobile
The MS sends a location update request to the VLR via BTS-
BSC and MSC.
The VLR send a location update message to HLR
The service and security data for the Mobile is downloaded to the
VLR from HLR
The Mobile is sent an Ack of successful location update
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MobileCall origination
The Mobile sends the dialed number on the access channel via
BSS to MSC.
The MSC checks from the VLR for the requested service
MSC ask the BSS to allocate radio resources for the call
The BSS allocates a radio channel and sends the assignment
message to the MS via paging
The BSS connects the Radio TCH to the assigned ckt to the
MSC
The MSC routes the call to the destination PSTN Exchange
The Exchange rings the called terminal
Ring back signal is routed to the MS from the MSC and
completes the speech path on the traffic channel
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MobileCallTermination
The PSTN user dials to the Mobile number
The PSTN exchange routes the call to the MSC
The MSC checks from the HLR for the current location and
services of the Mobile
The MSC pages the MS via the BSS .
The MS responds to the page and sets up the signalling links
The BSS allocates the radio resources
The MSC is informed and the call is delivered to the MS
The MS answers the call and the speech path is through
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Advantages
Outstanding Voice and Call Quality
CDMA filters out background noise, cross-talk, and interference so
you can enjoy crystal-clear voice quality, greater privacy, and
enhanced call quality.
The rake receiver reduces errors
QUALCOMM's CDMA variable rate vocoder reduces the amount of
data transmitted per person, reducing interference.
The soft handoff also reduces power requirements and interference.
Power control reduces errors by keeping power at an optimal level.
Cell A Cell B
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Advantages Cont
Greatest Coverage for Lower Cost
CDMA's spread spectrum signal provides the greatest coverage in thewireless industry, allowing networks to be built with far fewer cellsites than is possible with other wireless technologies.
Fewer cell sites translates to reduced operating expenses, whichresults in savings to both operators and consumers.
CDMA's features result in coverage that is between 1.7 and 3 timesthat ofTDMA
Power control helps the network dynamically expand the coveragearea.
Packet Data
CDMA networks are built with standard IP packet data protocols.Standard cdmaOne phones already have TCP/IP and PPP protocolsbuilt into them.
High Data Rates upto 307 Kbps in CDMA 1X
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Advantages Cont
LongerTalk Time, Longer Battery Life
CDMA uses power control to monitor the amount of power system and handset need
at any time.
CDMA handsets transmit at the lowest power levels in the industry.
Thus allowing for longer battery life which results in longer talk time and standby time.
Simplified frequency reuse
Each BTS in a CDMA network can use all available frequencies.
Adjacent cells can transmit at the same frequency because users are separated by
code channels, not frequency channels.
This feature of CDMA, called "frequency reuse of one," eliminates the need for
frequency planning
Fewer Dropped Calls
CDMA's patented "soft handoff," method of passing calls between cells sharplyreduces the risk of dropped calls during a handoff.
Improved Security and Privacy
CDMA's digitally encoded, spread spectrum transmissions resist eaves dropping.
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Advantages Cont
Greater Capacity
CDMA allows the largest number of subscribers to share the same
radio frequencies, helping service providers increase their profitability.
CDMA uses spread spectrum technology which can provide up to 10-20
times the capacity of analog equipment and more than three times the
capacity of other digital platforms.
Reasons for this include:
CDMA's universal frequency reuse
Users are separated by code channels, not frequency channels.
Power control minimizes interference, resulting in maximized capacity.
CDMA's soft handoff also helps increase capacity. This is because a soft
handoff requires less power.
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Advantages Cont
Reduced Background Noise and Interference
CDMA combines multiple signals and improves signal strength. This leads to the
near elimination of interference and fading.
Rapid Deployment
Due to Higher Capacity they require fewer cell sites, CDMA networks can be deployed
faster than other types of wireless networks.
Wide Product Selection
QUALCOMM has licensed CDMA technology to over 75 leading communications
manufacturers worldwide, enabling service providers and customers to choose from
a wide range of highly advanced, cost-competitive, CDMA-based products.
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Planning
Switch & RAN planning
Network Design Engineering of Core Switching
& RAN Network elements POI Planning
New features deployment
Budgeting & CAPEX approval
Plan network changes for Optimisation
Regulatory compliance
RF Planning
Coverage / Capacity site selection
RF Optimization
Planning for in-building solution
Transmission Planning Backbone & Access Planning
BOQ, costing & capex finalisation
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Project Implementation
Project Planning
BoM finalization & Ordering
LC opening/ Import of Eqpts
Infra Ordering & Construction
Site RFI & RFS
Timely implementation of NW Rollout
Resolution of Project issues
Optimum utilization of NW equipment
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Network Operations
Operation & Maintenance of all the Elements in a Network
i.e MSCs, BSCs, BTSs, Transmission Systems, Powerplant,
etc is done by the Network Operations Team
Responsible for
Network Up Time
Quality of Service ( Key Performance Indicators )
Capacity Upgradation
Revenue Exposure
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KPIs-KeyPerformanceIndicators
KPI Parameter BenchmarkTT
SL Gujarat
Network Availability 99.90% 99.98
Call Setup time < 7 sec 4 Sec
Access failure Rate < 2% 1.18
Call Drop rate < 2% 0.38
Paging Success Rate 85% 92.3
Call Setup Succ rate >96 % 98.82
Traffic Channel congestion < 2% 0
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Network OperationsMainly consists of -
Field Team Ensures Network Availability
Fault Rectification
Preventive Maintenence
Project Roll Out
RF optimization
Operation & Maintenance Centre (OMC )- 24*7Regional OMC of Gujarat in Ahmedabad
Network Alarm Monitoring
Fault Escalation & resolution
Database Configuraton changes
Performance Monitoring and Analysis
Capacity Upgradation
Customer Complaints Resolution
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BTS Shelter 1 BTS Shelter 3
BTS Shelter 2
BTS
EQUIP
BTS
EQUI
P
BTS Shelter 1
BTS Shelter 2
BSNLEXCHANGE
Fibre towards
MSC & BSC
Fibre towards
Other City
PCM Cable
M/W link
Town Connectivity
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CDMA surpasses 373 MillionGlobalSubscribers
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3G - CDMA2000 Subscriber Growth History:December 2001
through December 2006
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Total Number of 3G - CDMA2000 Subscribers
(includes CDMA2000 1X & 1xEV-DO)
01-Dec 02-Dec 03-Dec 04-Dec 05-Dec 06-Dec
3,650,000 33,121,000 85,410,000 146,800,000 225,100,000 325,050,000
(includes cdmaOne, CDMA2000 1X & 1xEV-DO)
Asia-Pacific
North
Americ
a
Caribbean &
Latin
America
Europe,
Middle
East &
Africa Total
06-Dec 170,025,000 123,380,000 71,600,000 8,498,000 373,503,000
Number of CDMA Subscribers byRegion
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EV-DOEvolution Data Optimized
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What is EV-DO ?
Evolution, Data Only or Evolution, Data Optimized
EVDO, also known as EV-DO, 1xEvDO and 1xEV- DO
It is a CDMA standard for high speed wirelessbroadband.
Data rates: up to 2.45Mbps downlink, 153.6Kbps uplink
Natural evolution from IS-95, IS-2000
EV-DO needs 1.25MHz spectrum for 2.45 Mbps
Higher rate in forward link
Uses time-division multiplexing
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EV-DO Network Architecture
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Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
RF components for transmitting/receiving signals Software/hardware for digital communications/DSP
Connected to RNC with backhaul links
Radio Network Controller (RNC)
Session establishment and release Frame selection Radio Link Protocol (RLP) processing
Access Network (AN) BTS and RNC form the AN
Packet Control Function (PCF)
Allows RNC functions to interface with PDSN
Packet Data Service Node (PDSN)
Interfaces with Internet Home/Foreign agent for mobile IP Terminates PPP connection with AT
EV-DO Network Elements
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How does EVDO compare to other technologies?
Peak Data Rate by Technology:
CDMA Rev A 3,000 kpbs
CDMA 2000-1x EVDO 2,400 kbps
W-CDMA 2,000 kbps
EDGE 384 kbps
CDMA 2000-1x 144 kbps
GPRS 115 kbps
GSM 14.4 kbps
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CDMA N t k Mi ti B d 2G
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CDMA 2GIS-95A
CDMA2000 1X
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DV
CDMA Network Migration Beyond 2G
Download Rates (Peak)
Subscriber Usage
SectorThroughput
Value Proposition
9.6 - 153.6 Kbps
Messaging Services via
CDMA2000 SMS, EMS,
MMS
Packet Data (throughput
of 200 kbps)
1.5-2 times voice
capacity, increasedcoverage, introduction
of packet data services,
backward compatible
with IS-95A/B
38.4 - 2450 Kbps
Wireless Internet,
Streaming Audio/Video,
Messaging Services via
IP Network
3 times 1X capacity
(throughput of 600 Kbps)
Delivering high data
download speeds +capacity
9.6 - 3100 Kbps
Wireless Internet,
Streaming Audio/Video,
Real-Time Video, Voice
Over IP, Messaging
Services via CDMA2000
SMS, EMS, MMS and/or
IP Network
5 times 1X capacity
(throughput of 1 Mbps)
Overlay option with 1X,
backward compatible withIS-95/1X, voice and data in
a single carrier,
simultaneous voice and
data
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3G - CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Subscriber Growth History:
December 2002 through December 2006
02-Dec 03-Dec 04-Dec 05-Dec 06-Dec
174,000 4,382,000 12,088,000 24,424,000 55,072,000
3G Overview
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3G Overview
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Why3G?
Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!
For the consumer
Video streaming, TV broadcast
Video calls, video clips news, music, sports
Enhanced gaming, chat, location services
For business
High speed teleworking / VPN access
Sales force automation
Video conferencing
Real-time financial information
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3G servicesCDMA (1xEV-DO)
USA ( Verizon ,Sprint.AlltelKorea: SKT, KTF
Japan: AU (KDDI)
Australia(Telstra)
Brazil(Vivo)
Canada(Bell Mobility )
China( China Unicom)
Russia .. etc
WCDMA / UMTS
Japan ( NTT DoCoMo , Vodafone KK)
Australia ( 3 Hutchinson )
Hong Kong ( 3 Hutchinson )New Zealand
Europe ( Vodaphone )
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3G Standards
3G Standard is created by ITU-T and is called as IMT-2000.
The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G
systems to provide Global Roaming.
Evolution of Mobile Systems to 3G
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Evolutionof MobileSystems to 3G- drivers are capacity, data speeds, lower cost of delivery for
revenue growth
cdmaOnecdmaOne
GSMGSM
TDMATDMA
2G
PDCPDC
CDMA2000
1x
CDMA2000
1x
First Step into 3G
GPRSGPRS
EDGEEDGE
WCDMAWCDMA
CDMA2000
1x EV/DV
CDMA2000
1x EV/DV
3G phase 1 Evolved 3G
3GPP Core
Network
CDMA2000
1x EV/DO
CDMA2000
1x EV/DO
HSDPAHSDPA
EDGE
Evolution
EDGE
Evolution
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3 G Vendors
Nokia-Siemens
Ericsson Hyundai
LG Electronics
Motorola
Samsung
Lucent- Alcatel
Nortel
FUJITSU
ZTE
Huwai
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4 GFourth generation mobile communications systems that arecharacterized by high-speed data rates at 20 to 100 Mbps, suitable
for high-resolution movies and television. Initial deployments areanticipated in 2007-2010.
Also known as Mobile Broadband everywhereMAGICMobile Multimedia Communication
Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone Global Mobility Support Integrated Wireless Solution Customized Personal Service
According to 4G Mobile Forum, by 2008 over $400 billion would beinvested in 4G mobile projects.
In India, communication Minister Mr. Dayanidhi Maran, hasannounced a national centre of excellence to work in 4G arena.
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4G:Data RateFacts
Transmission at 20 to 100 Mbps
2000 times faster than mobile data rates
10 times faster than top transmission rates planned in finalbuild out of 3G broadband mobile
10-20 times faster than standard ADSL services.
Companies developing 4G technologyCellular phone companies: Alcatel, Nortel, Motorola,
IT Companies: Hughes,HP,LG Electronics
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Performanceevolutionofcellular technologies
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