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Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process
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Damage to the hippocampus and memory(The HM Study)
Scoville and Milner (1957)
• HM fell off his bicycle when he was 7, injuring his head.
• He began having epileptic seizures when he was 10.
• By the time he was 27 he had so many seizures he could not live a normal life.
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The HM StudyScoville and Milner (1957)
• Scoville performed experimental surgery on HM to stop the seizures.
• Seizures did stop, but HM had amnesia for the rest of his life.
• We learned a whole lot from HM’s issues.
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HM’s Memory
• HM could no longer store new memories (antrograde amnesia)
• Most of his memories before the surgery remained intact (partial retrograde amnesia).
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HM’s Memory• He could not transfer new
episodic or semantic memories (explicit memories) into his LTM.
• He COULD form new long-term procedural memories (implicit memories).
• He could carry on a normal conversation (working memory) but would forget it almost immediately.
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OK…what actually happened to HM’s brain?
• Corkin (1997) gave an old HM an MRI
• He found missing parts of the temporal lobes and hippocampus and surrounding areas.
• These areas tend to be pathways for memory (highways for ACH).
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What can be learned about the relationship between brain and memory with HM?
• Our memory system is specialized and complex.
• The hippocampus plays a critical role in converting memories of experience from STM to LTM.
• HM retained some memories, so hippocampus does not store the memories, but processes them.
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What can be learned about the relationship between brain and memory with HM?
• The fact that HM and others with amnesia have problems with some types of memories and not others is evidence for a multiple memory system.
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The Nervous System
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Central Nervous System
•The Brain and spinal cord•CNS
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Peripheral Nervous System• All nerves that are
not encased in bone.
• Everything but the brain and spinal cord.
• Is divided into two categories….somatic and autonomic.
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Somatic Nervous System• Controls voluntary
muscle movement.• Uses motor
(efferent) neurons.
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Autonomic Nervous System• Controls the
automatic functions of the body.
• Divided into two categories…the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
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Sympathetic Nervous System
• Fight or Flight Response.
• Automatically accelerates heart rate, breathing, dilates pupils, slows down digestion.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Automatically slows the body down after a stressful event.
• Heart rate and breathing slow down, pupils constrict and digestion speeds up.
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High levels of cortisol and memory deficits
• Cortisol is a stress hormone secreted by the adrenal glands in response to stress.
• Long term stress can hurt both the immune system and memory.
• Chronic cortisol secretion can hinder the brain in forming new memories and accessing old ones.
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Lupien et al 2002Experiment on cortisol level and memory
Aim:• The experiment was a
longitudinal 5 year study with elderly people.
• The aim of the experiment was to see if you could reverse memory problems with a drug.
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Lupien et al 2002Experiment on cortisol level and memory
Procedure• Group 1 had moderate
levels of cortisol at baseline
• Group 2 had high levels of cortisol and decreased memory function.
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Lupien et al 2002Experiment on cortisol level and memory• Both groups were given a drug
that reduces the secretion of cortisol (metyrapone).
• Then they performed a memory test.
• After this they were both given another drug (hydrocortisone) to restore levels of cortisol to previous levels.
• Results were compared to placebo group.
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Lupien et al 2002Experiment on cortisol level and memory
Results• The results showed
participants with moderate levels of cortisol who were given metyrapone had no problem restoring normal memory function.
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Lupien et al 2002Experiment on cortisol level and memory
• Participants, who, from the start, had high levels of cortisol had no memory improvement.
• The hydrocortisone caused even more memory loss.