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Exploration and Expansion
Chapter 6, Section 1
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Motivation
• Why begin expanding overseas?
• The Asian Attraction– Recorded travels to Asia
fascinated Europeans
• Trade– Spices of the East meant
money for the West
• Religion– Introduction to Christian
faiths
• “God, Glory, and Gold”
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Means to Travel
• What do you need to make these travels?
• Money– Hesitant at first, more and
more European governments begin to fund voyages
• Ships and Technology– Boats and the technology to
navigate the ocean
• A Crew– People to man the vessel
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Portuguese Trading Empire• Portugal began exploration in the
1420s under __________ ________________________– Found gold on western coast of
Africa
• _________________rounded Southern tip of Africa in 1488– Quicker route to Asia
• _____________ later traveled this route to India– Over the next few decades,
Portuguese take complete control of the spice trade
• Why are the Portuguese so successful?
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A Route to India?• Any quicker routes to India?
– _________________sailed around the world• Left in 1519 with 250 men and 5
ships• Died in the Philippines in 1521…1
ship and 18 men returned
• Spanish begin to look westward for a quicker route to India
• But what about the flat Earth?– Most Europeans knew the
world was round, but did not know how large it was
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Christopher Columbus• Believed the circumference of
the world was smaller than it actually was– Hence, why he thought he had
landed in India• Persuaded _________
___________and ____ __________to fund a voyage West
• In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue– Lands in the Caribbean, but
Columbus calls these places the Indies
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Voyages to the Americas
• Continued exploration by Spain and Portugal was fueled by the desire to find a westward route to Asia
• As the countries continued to explore, conflict was inevitable
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A Line of Demarcation
• The feud between Spain and Portugal was “solved” through the __________ ____________________– Spain was given all
territories west of the line, while Portugal gained all territories east of the line
• Both continued to feud for years, despite the ruling
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Race to the Americas
• _______ (John Cabot), ________ (Amerigo Vespucci), and many other European nations soon began to follow
• What about ________ _______________?– Spain and Portugal were
growing weaker…could not defend their claimed territories
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The Spanish Empire
• _____________ were Spanish conquerors of the New World
• ________________– Overthrew Aztecs
• ________________– Defeated Incans
• ____________ system– Spanish use of Native
Americans as slaves– Originally meant to care for
Natives, but settlers were too far from Europe to be punished for harsh treatment
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Spanish Empire cont’d
• Native populations suffered due to forced labor, starvation, and disease– Hispaniola – 250,000 in
1492, 500 in 1538– Mexico – 25 million in
1519, 1 million in 1630
• European churches, schools, and hospitals soon ripped apart traditional Native societies
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Economic Impact
• West– Mines
• Searched for gold and silver
– Farming and ranching, known as the __________ _________________• Raised European crops like
sugar, cotton, vanilla, and livestock
• American crops like potatoes, cocoa, corn, and tobacco
• East– Portuguese take over spice
trade routes in Asia
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New Arrivals = New Rivals?
• ________ were biggest competitors in Asia– Established East India
Company
• ________ and ________ were major competitors in the Americas, _______ tried– _______ – colonized Canada
and Louisiana– _________ – East coast of
what is now U.S.– _______ – Establish West
India Company
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Colonial Advantage• _________ – settlement of
people living in a new territory, linked by trade and direct government control
• ________ provided the gold and silver needed for a country to become powerful, according to the theory of _____________
• To bring in gold and silver, the countries needed a good _____________ – the difference in value between imports and exports over time