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The study of the physical, chemical and biological attributes of streams and the transitional areas
adjacent to them.
Stream Ecology:
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Image or Graphic
Chemistry
BIOTAPhysical Habitat
A Healthy Stream Ecosystem
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Stream Functions Pyramid
5 Hydrology: How much water drains from the watershed into the stream. What is the land cover in the watershed? How much rain fell? Amount of pervious versus impervious surface in the watershed. Hydrograph.
4 Hydraulics: The way the water behaves in the stream. Depth and speed of the water over time. How does the water interact with groundwater and the floodplain? Depth, flow, speed, volume.
3 Geomorphology/Habitat: The physical environment in and around the stream. Are diverse habitats available? How stable is the stream channel? Embeddedness, bank height, bank stability, amount of wood and rocks in the stream, riparian buffer width.
1 Biology: Amount, diversity, and life history of animals and plants in the stream: Insects, fish, salamanders, algae.
2 Physiochemical: What are the chemical and physical characteristics of the water? Temperature, oxygen, conductivity, nutrients, pH.
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•Sedimentation/siltation •Exotic/invasive species
•Flood control
•mining
•construction
•Thermal impacts
•logging
•Water withdrawls
•Road salt
•Watershedimperviousness
•Acid rain
•Riparian zonedestruction
•Migration barriers
•Eutriphication/nutrient enrichment
•toxics
•Underground piping of streams
•Road maintenance
•Stream “improvements”•Recreational/commercial
harvestation8
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Watershed-the area
drained by a river or stream
http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module01/whatiswatershed.htm
Cheasapeake Bay
Watershed
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Maryland’s River Basins
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Chemical Factors•Temperature
•Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
•pH/Buffering Capacity
•Conductivity
•Nutrients
•Sediment17
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• Higher water temperature = lower dissolved oxygen
• More canopy cover = lower water temperature = higher dissolved oxygen
• More riffles = higher dissolved oxygen
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Stonefly (needs high DO)
Eastern mudminnow (tolerant of low DO)
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Acid Rain affects a stream’s pH
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http://ian.umces.edu/ecocheck/report-cards/chesapeake-bay/2012/streamhealth/
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StreamFoodWeb
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External (allochthonous) vs Internal
(autochthonous) Energy Sources
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The River ContinuumDriven by terrestrial leaves(allochthonous) Driven by river algae
(autochthonous)
FPOM
VFPOM
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Leaf Processing Sequence
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Benthic Feeding Groups Piercer
ShredderFilterer
ScraperPredator
Borer
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Habit
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Invertebrate Adaptations to Life in Running Water
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Land Use in Maryland
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Effects of impervious surfaces on streams
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Expected relationship between impervious surface and stream health
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36https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/Water/TMDL/WaterQualityStandards/Pages/wqs_designated_uses.aspx
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Check your stream’s Maryland Designated Use Class!!
https://mdewin64.mde.state.md.us/WSA/DesigUse/index.htmlOr Google “Maryland use class streams”
If your stream is Use Class III (green on the map) this means it could potentially be home to a breeding population of trout, and is subject to restrictions on activities that would disrupt the stream bed, such as benthic sampling. These restrictions are in effect October 1st- April 30th, but if you are sampling in September you are not subject to these restrictions.
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Getting to know your…
BUGS! 39
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What are BenthicWhat are BenthicMacroinvertebrates?
••Associated with "bottom"*
••Visible to the naked eye
•• >500 microns
••Fish foodFish foodFish food****during some part of life cycle
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KingdomPhylum
ClassOrder
FamilyGenus
Species
Systematics (taxonomy) – the branch of Biology that deals with classification and nomenclature.
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Role as Bioindicators
• Pollution sensitive– Dissolved oxygen,
temperature, turbidity, etc.
• Easy and inexpensive to collect
• Useful in long-term monitoring
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Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI)
Diversity
Functional Feeding Groups
Tolerance
GoodFairPoor
Abundance
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• 3 Major Body Parts
• Diagnostic Features:– Mouthparts– Legs– Abdomen length– Wing pads– Tails– Gills– Overall Shape
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Life History of a Caddisfly (Complete Metamorphosis)
Egg(1 week; aquatic)
Larva(10 months; aquatic)
Pupa(2 weeks; aquatic)
Adult(1 month; terrestrial) 45
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Life History of a Mayfly
(Incomplete Metamorphosis)Egg(2 weeks; aquatic)
Nymph(11 months; aquatic)
Adult(2 days; terrestrial)
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Benthic Macroinvertebrate Identification
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STONEFLY-NymphSensitive
Order –Plecoptera2 tails
A49
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Gills on thorax under legs
(looks like hairy armpits)
A
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STONEFLY -AdultOrder –Plecoptera
http://vimeo.com/90024767
STONEFLY -AdultOrder –Plecoptera
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MAYFLY-NymphSensitive
Order –Ephemeroptera
3 tails (in most species, but not all)
B52
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Gills along abdomen
B53
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB6RmFCmB0E
In classical mythology
nymphs were nature spirits
often inhabiting
rivers, streams and
lakes.
B
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MAYFLY –Adult
Order –Ephemeroptera
http://vimeo.com/90024047
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The order name Ephemeroptera
translates to “short winged life”. Though
they may spend over a year as a nymph, most species only live a day
or two as adults, so they must find a mate quickly and reproduce
before they die.
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When insects hatch in large swarms they overwhelm their predators so that many escape to reproduce. In 2014, there was a particularly
large mayfly hatch in Wisconsin.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/23/mayfly-hatch-wisconsin-photos-radar_n_5614449.html
The hatch showed up on radar... caused headaches for locals... and was even blamed for a 3-car pile up.
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BA
Stonefly vs. Mayfly
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CADDISFLY-Case builderSensitive
Order –Trichoptera
C
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C
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The structure of the case and the materials used in its construction
varies among species.C
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CADDISFLY-Net spinner
Less Sensitive
Order –Trichoptera
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Some species of caddisflies build nets instead of cases. They use
these nets to catch food (plankton, smaller insects).
One caddisfly may build several nets which it will travel between to collect and eat its catch.
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Fingernet caddisfly
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CADDISFLY -AdultOrder –Trichoptera
http://vimeo.com/90025213
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HELLGRAMMITELess SensitiveOrder- Megaloptera
AKA: toe biters
Large predators. Some species reach 5 inches long. Capable of delivering a strong pinch. Feelers on abdomen are for respiration. E
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DOBSONFLY(ADULT
HELLGRAMMITE)
Male Female68
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Water Penny – Larva
Order – Coleoptera
Adult
Sensitive
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Water penny larvae generally
like cold, fast moving water and are usually found in riffles where their flattened
shape allows them to cling to the rocks without
being swept away.
F
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RIFFLE BEETLE
Order – Coleoptera
Riffle beetles are one of the few benthic insects that live in the stream
in both larval and adult form. The adults are
lunged and are capable of carrying bubbles of air under their elytra
(wing covers) and will replenish their air
supply from bubbles in riffles and on aquatic vegetation. They must leave the water when
they emerge as adults in order for their
exoskeleton to harden, but they may never have to return to the surface
again after that.
Moderately tolerant
G71
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Riffle beetle larva vs. Net spinner caddisfly
DG72
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DRAGONFLY –Nymph
Order – Odonata
Less Sensitive
H
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H
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Dragonfly and damselfly nymphs
have a hinged mask over their mandibles that they can shoot out with remarkable speed to grab prey.
This is the stuff that
nightmares are made of
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Nymph
Adult
Voracious predators as nymphs and
as adults
H
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DAMSELFLY -NymphOrder – OdonataTolerant
3 paddle-like “tails”
are actually the
damselfly’s gills. I
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IB
Mayfly nymph vs. Damselfly nymph
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DAMSELFLY –Adult
Order – Odonata
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Order – Diptera
J
Adult
Cranefly- LarvaLess Sensitive 82
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Order – Diptera
Tolerant
K
Blackfly- Larva
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Blackfly larvae make a sticky silk pad on their posterior to anchor themselves to
the substrate. They will open their labral fans to filter their food out of the water and then sweep their fan through
their mouth to eat it.K
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NON-BITINGMIDGE - Larva
Order – Diptera
Tolerant
L85
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Adults look like mosquitoes,
but do not bite.
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Increased pollution in Lake Victoria, Africa has led to drastic population decreases in fish species in the lake. With their predators removed, non-biting midges have been experiencing population explosions resulting in swarms of horrific proportions. The midges emerge from the lake as adults in massive
smoke-like clouds that bring misery when they make landfall
…but also have a surprising upside.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcXsx8gpN9M
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Awesome Resource!http://macroinvertebrates.org/
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• Subphylum Crustacea– Crayfish, Isopods,
Amphipods• Phylum Mollusca
– Snails, Clams, Mussels
• Phylum Annelida– Segmented Worms
(ie. leeches)
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Other Phyla
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AQUATICSOWBUG
SCUDS(AMPHIPODS)
CrustaceansSomewhat Tolerant
M
N
Somewhat Tolerant
CRAYFISH
OTolerant90
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FRESHWATER MUSSELCLAM
Mollusks
Somewhat Tolerant
Somewhat TolerantP
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Clam vs. Freshwater mussel
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Left: A freshwater mussel displays a lure that bears an incredible likeness to a darter, enticing predatory fish to attack the lure and rupture the sac containing the glochidia. Right: The Northern Riffleshell mussel (not native to MD) clamps onto its intended host and holds it lightly while it inoculates the fish’s gills with glochidia.
Freshwater mussels: Deceptively fascinating
Almost all species of freshwater mussels use a fish host to spread
their larvae, called glochidia(gluh-kid-ia). Their methods of transmission range from passive
to deceptive to aggressive. By using a fish host as a vector of
dispersal the mussel increases the chance that its offspring will not
be too near to a parent and so will not be competition for resources.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0YTBj0WHkU
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Interesting work going on right here at home!
American eel (Anguilla rostrata)
Eastern elliptio (Elliptio
complanata)
Bloede Dam on the Patapsco River is being removed! Removing Bloede Dam, the lowermost dam on the river, will open up more than 44 miles of spawning habitat for blueback herring, alewife and American shad, and more than 180 miles of habitat for American eel. The American eel is the host for Eastern elliptio mussel glochidia, so removal of the dam will open up all that habitat to the mussels as well.
https://www.americanrivers.org/patapsco/index.html
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Identifying Right-handed vs. Left-handed snails
• Place the snail in your palm with the opening facing up and the umbo (spiral tip) pointing towards your fingers.
• If the opening is oriented to the right, it is a right-handed gilled snail and is sensitive to pollution.
• If the opening is oriented to the left, it is a left-handed lunged snail. The lunged snail has a sac-like lung, so it can escape out of the water for a short time if conditions are especially poor. This adaptation makes it pollution tolerant.
Gilled snail (right-
handed)Somewhat Tolerant
Lunged snail (left-
handed)Tolerant
Q
R
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LEECHTolerant
97
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AQUATIC WORMTolerant
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Non-biting midge vs. Aquatic worm
L 100
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PlanariaSomewhat Tolerant
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For more information about the Explore and Restore Maryland Streams professional development workshops for educators contact:Jen WolfeMaryland Department of Natural ResourcesEnvironmental Education Specialist, Conservation Education and Stewardship CenterExplore and Restore Maryland [email protected]
For more information about the Maryland Biological Stream Survey and content in this PowerPoint contact:Dan BowardMaryland Department of Natural ResourcesNatural Resources Biologist VI, Resource Assessment [email protected]
Sara WegleinMaryland Department of Natural ResourcesNatural Resources Technician IV, Resource Assessment [email protected]
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