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Expressive RFID data access policies for the
Pharmaceuticals supply chain
Miguel Pardal, Mark Harrison, Sanjay Sarma, José Alves Marques
Consulting
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Traceability queries
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http://trakchain.net/
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US Pharma supply chain
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Threats
• Prevent illegitimate products from entering
the supply chain
• Returns of counterfeit or stolen products in
replacement of legitimate products through a
wholesaler
• Criminal wholesalers or
pharmacists/pharmacies.
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US Pharma numbers
• 1,400 Manufacturers
• 70 Distributors
– Big 3
• 166,000 Pharmacies
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DataMatrix & RFID
• You can have both 2D barcodes and RFID
– GS1 compatibility layer
• Industry has chosen barcodes for
item level identification
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Point-of-Dispense Authentication
European model
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European Stakeholder Model“ensuring patients have access to safe medicines”
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ESM Euro Hub
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Document-based electronic Pedigree
“US” model
CA, FL
DPMS
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Network-centric electronic Pedigree
EPC IS
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Prototype
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Data capture screen
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Manufacturer viewThe manufacturer can see its own events and
the receiving event of the distributor
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Distributor viewThe distributor can see all the history prior to
acquisition of the drug and its own events.
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Pharmacy viewThe pharmacy sees all the chain-of-custody
events only for the product they receive
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PoD vs DeP vs NeP
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Classification
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Capture storage
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Capture cost
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Query cost
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DeP required secure connections
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PoD and NeP secure connections
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Conclusions
• PoD is the most lightweight approach
– stores less information
– limited number of secure connections
• DeP stores the most data
– partial pedigrees
– requires 10 times more secure connections
• NeP is a middle ground between PoD and DeP
– stores more data than PoD
– semi-centralized architecture minimizes secure connections
– same infrastructure – EPC IS and the EPC network – can support multiple applications
– start with PoD and later evolve to full pedigree