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(e) Insect (arthropod)
Segmental
ganglia
Ventral
nerve cord
Brain
(a) Hydra (cnidarian)
Nerve net
Nerve ring
Radial nerve
(b) Sea star (echinoderm)
Anterior
nerve ring
Longitudinal
nerve cords
(f) Chiton (mollusc) (g) Squid (mollusc)
Ganglia
Brain
Ganglia
(c) Planarian (flatworm)
Nerve cords
Transverse nerve
Brain
Eyespot
Brain
(d) Leech (annelid)
Segmental ganglia
Ventral nerve cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
(dorsal
nerve
cord)
Sensory
ganglia
(h) Salamander (vertebrate)
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Aumento da complexidade do sistema nervoso
gânglio
cerebróide
cordão
nervoso
ventral minhoca
(anelídeo)
gânglio
cerebróide
cordão nervoso
ganglionar ventral
Gafanhoto (artrópode)
tubo nervoso
dorsal
coelho (vertebrado)
gânglio
cerebróide
cordões
nervosos
longitudinais
unidos por
nervos transversais
planária
(platelminto)
rede
nervosa
difusa hidra
(cnidário)
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crânio
meninges
cérebro
(hemisfério esquerdo)
corpo caloso
tálamo hipotálamo
medula espinhal
cerebelo hipófise
bulbo
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espinho
neural canal neural
da vértebra
pia-máter
dura-máter
aracnóide
medula
espinhal
raiz e gânglio
dorsais
substância
cinzenta raiz
ventral
ramo comunicante
nervo espinhal
gânglio
simpático
vértebra
substância
branca
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Efferent neurons
Locomotion
Motor system
Autonomic nervous system
Afferent (sensory) neurons
PNS
Hearing
Circulation Gas exchange Digestion Hormone
action
Enteric division
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
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dendrites
corpo
celular axônio
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• Diferença de potencial
• Potencial de repouso
• Despolarização
• Potencial de ação
área de
despolarização
Na+ K+
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K+ Na+ K+ Na+
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• Sentido: dos dendrites para o corpo celular e deste para o axónio
• Função da bainha de mielina
• Condução saltatória
sentido da
despolarização
bainha de
mielina nódulo de
Ranvier
condução
saltatória
área do
potencial
de ação
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impulso
nervoso vesícula
pré-sináptica
axônio
membrana
pós-sináptica
membrana
pré-sináptica
molécula de
neurotransmissor
neurônio
pós-sináptico
receptores de
membrana
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Apenas determinadas células, chamadas células-alvo, ou células
efetoras, possuem na membrana ou no citoplasma, proteínas
denominadas receptores, capazes de se combinarem, especificamente
com a molécula da hormona.
A comunicação hormonal realiza-se por via química
através de substâncias específicas, as hormonas.
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Grande parte da atividade endócrina é controlada, direta ou
indiretamente, pelo hipotálamo.
Estímulos Hipotálamo
(neurónios
hipotalamicos)
Hipófise
O hipotálamo, depois de analisar todos os dados , “toma
decisões”, “dá ordens”, determinando através de estímulos
nervosos e de neurohormonas, que a hipófise aumente ou
diminua a produção hormonal.
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