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Factors That Impact Population Growth
Culture/Religion Gender Equality for Education and
EmploymentEducation AvailabilityPension SystemsMarriage Age and FertilityFamily Planning ServiceAbortion AcceptanceInfant Mortality Rate
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Calculating a Population(Births- Deaths) + (Immigration – Emigration) = Population ChangeBirth rate - Death rate x 100 = Rate of Pop.
Change
70/Growth Rate (as a percentage) = The time it takes a pop. to
double (Rule of 70)Current Population e^ (rate * time)
= Estimated Population
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A closer look at Equation #2
(Birth rate - Death rate) + (Immigration rate- Emmigration rate ) x 100
= Rate (%) of Pop. Change
Birth rate = Births for every 1000 people
Death rate = Deaths for every 1000 people
Immigration Rate = Enter country for every 1000 people
Emmigration Rate = Exit country for every 1000 people
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Example of a Population ProblemShermana has a population of 10,000
people
70 Births10 Deaths
10/1000 people immigrate in 5/1000 people leave the country
What is the Shermana’s growth rate? (1.1%)
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Another Example…In 1950, a scientist was studying Beluga whales.
At this time, there were 5,000 whales. With a growth rate of 2.5%, what will the estimated population be in 50 years? When will the population double?
Pe= Pi ert Pe is the estimated populationPi is the initial populatione is a constantr is the growth rate (as a decimal)t is time
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Factors That Affect Death Rates
Food supplies and distributionNutritionMedical care and Public health technology
Sanitation and personal hygieneSafe water availability
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United States
Low infant mortality 165 to 6.5, but not the lowest
Why?Inadequate healthcare for poorDrug addictions Teenage pregnancy
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United States Immigration
Accounts for 45% of annual growthFirst Europeans, but now Latinos
and AsiansMany want to limit new citizens
from 45% to 20%Immigration Reform and Control Act
Those with family members can fill vacant jobs, or refugees seeking asylum
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Why some citizens welcome new immigrants?
History of the U.S.Increase tax payersFill unwanted jobsWorkforce will be needed to fill the shoes of retired baby boomers
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What’s a “brain drain?”
Many educated people leave their own country if they can obtain:
A) Higher income B) Better job
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Understanding Age StructureWhat to look for in Population
Pyramids:Fast growth: wide base in a pyramid
Slow growth: base is not as wide in a pyramid
No growth (ZPG): pencil shapeNegative growth: a diamond
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Social Impact with slow growth
Who pays for Social Security?
Missing workforce
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Demographic Transition StagesSocial changes/stages a country would go through:
PreindustrialTransitionalIndustrializationPost Industrial
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Preindustrial StageHarsh conditions:
Famine, plagues, wars, etc.Poor healthcare
High Birth rate and High Death rate
= Low population growth
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Transitional StageImproved healthcareMore reliable food production and
distributionWater supplies
Birth rate is still high, low death rate= High Population growth
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Industrial StageEconomic GrowthMore jobsEducation availability
Birth rate declines and gets closer to death rate
= Slow Population growth, but still increasing
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Post Industrial Better educated, more affluentSmaller families
Low birth rate = death rateZero Population Growth
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Indicators for Overall Health of a Country
Life expectancyInfant Mortality
Reflects nutrition and health care availablity
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UN Conference on Population and Development
Cairo, EgyptGoals by 2015:
Provide access to Family Planning Services Improve pediatrics and prenatal care Encourage implemenation on population policies Gender equality (education, jobs, and family
responsibilities) Improve poverty Decrease unsustainable patterns of consumptionJapan, Thailand, S. Korea, Taiwan, Iran, and
China all decreased their TFR within 15 years!
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Benefits of a City
TradePolitics and organized governmentOrganized religionTechnology, healthcareEducationCulture/Art
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Negative effects:
Urban sprawlPovertyPollution (Air, Water, Soil degradation)
Mexico City – Fecal SnowUrban heat absorptionRunoff and floodingNoise PollutionSpread of disease
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Possible Solutions:
Move up and not out (skyscrapers)Conserve natural habitatsEnergy and resource conservation (recycling)Mass transportation
Detroit Mass TransitMore plants (ex. Greenbelts)