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Faculty Multicultural Competence and Practices:
Lessons for Collaborative Advising
John P. Sauter, Jr., Ph.D.
NACADA Region 3 Conference
April 2014
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Agenda & Discussions Introductions
Faculty Multicultural Competence
Multicultural Competence
Multicultural Practices
Predictors & Implications
Understanding Faculty Culture
Elements of Faculty Culture
Best Practices
Faculty Collaborative Competence
Applications
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Safe Space: Moral Conversation “A conversation that is moral… is one
whose conventions emphasize the fundamental worth and dignity of each participant in the exchange…”
Be respectful of each other
Work to find a common language
Take conversational risks
- Dr. Robert Nash “Real World Ethics”
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Introductions Feel free to ask questions as we go along.
Photos were submitted by faculty friends and colleagues and are randomly placed throughout.
Please share your: Name, Institution, Campus Role
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Group Discussion 1 Your Interactions with Faculty Discuss the most successful / unsuccessful
interactions or collaborations you have had with faculty recently?
What made these successful / unsuccessful?
Did any of these involve multicultural issues?
What are the biggest issues that you deal with that could benefit from collaboration with faculty?
If you are faculty, consider your interactions with advising staff
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Multicultural Competence Multicultural
Race & Gender
Sexual identity, ability, religion, language
Definition of Multicultural Competence
The ability to work ethically and effectively with people of similar or dissimilar cultural backgrounds, by demonstrating a certain level of multicultural awareness, knowledge, and skills (Pope, Reynolds & Mueller, 2004).
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Multicultural Competence Tripartite Model (Pope & Reynolds, 1997)
Awareness Self awareness Re-evaluation of attitudes,
beliefs, values, and assumptions
Knowledge Information & Cultural
Understanding
Skills Apply Awareness & Knowledge Cross-cultural Communication Willingness to Seek Assistance
Ongoing Developmental Process Constantly Reflecting & Re-evaluating
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My Research
Multicultural competence and practices of undergraduate faculty and their relationships to racial identity, education, and experience. (Sauter, 2013).
My background
Use my research to better understand faculty
Goals of Research
Examine key aspects with a new population
What factors predict faculty multicultural competence
What is the relationship between competence & multicultural practices
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Statement of the Problem How can higher education adapt to changing
demographics? Trends toward a more diverse student body
Faculty represent 40-50% of higher education workforce
Considerable Student Contact ~190 days per degree
Faculty diversity lags behind nation
Limited studies of faculty multicultural competence Primary focus on student affairs & counseling
Limited exploration of variables found relevant among different populations
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Faculty Literature
Faculty, Institutions & Diversity
Faculty Roles & Diversity
Training & Development
Multicultural Education, Curriculum, Teaching
Faculty Diversity
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Multicultural Competence in Student Affairs Key Findings Among
Student Affairs Professionals
Correlations & Predictors:
Racial Identity
Race/Ethnicity
Identifying with a Socially Marginalized Group
Multicultural Experience
Multicultural Education
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Other studies of Faculty MC Undergraduate Faculty
S. M. Helms (2003) n=91 (3 liberal arts institutions) THEMES: immersion in different cultures, cultural graduate coursework,
work environments which foster cultural contact and interaction, cross-cultural opportunities and relationships, living abroad, willingness to learn and reflect
MODEL: graduate school preparation in cultural competence, training in cultural competence as a faculty member, campus cultural events, and mentoring by other faculty.
Graduate Student Affairs Faculty King & Howard Hamilton (2003) n=8, Howard Hamilton (2003)
Diversity Educators scored higher than practitioners/students – Could be applied to faculty
Pope & Mueller (2005) n=147 Diverse (racial), women, and LGBT faculty scored higher on MCSAP-2 + Correlations: Recent multicultural training, teaching multicultural courses,
multicultural research, multicultural programmatic or policy implementation.
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Research Questions
1. To what degree do demographic and academic characteristics, racial identity, multicultural education, and multicultural experiences, predict multicultural competence among faculty?
2. To what degree do demographic and academic characteristics, racial identity, multicultural education, multicultural experiences, and multicultural competence predict multicultural practices among faculty?
Among undergraduate higher education faculty members in humanities/languages, social sciences, and science/technology/engineering/math (STEM) disciplines:
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Methodology Online Anonymous Survey
6 Public CUNY & SUNY Institutions
Emails, List-serves, Limited Snowball Technique
Incentive Drawing
Measures Personal Data Form (PDF)
Faculty Multicultural Education/Experience/Practices Forms
Modified Teacher Multicultural Attitude Survey (TMAS) Ponterotto, Utsey & Pederson, 2006
White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (WRAIS) J. E. Helms & Carter, 1990; 2002
People of Color Racial Identity Attitude Scale (PRIAS) J.. E. Helms, 1995
Ex-Post Facto Correlational Analysis & Regression SPSS used for Analysis
Limitations Non-Random, Race combined, Instruments
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Sample: 288 Faculty
46.9
52.8
Gender
Female
Male
80.6
19.4
Race
White/ Caucasian
Faculty of Color
87.6
12.5
Sexual Orientation
Heterosexual
GLBT55.6
44.4
Socially Marginalized
Yes No
Age Range 25-84
Mean 51
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Sample: 288 Faculty
87.8
9.7
2.1 Highest Degree
Doctorate
Masters
Bachelors
28.5
30
26.4
12.8 1.4 Rank
Full
Associate
Assistant
Lecturer
Other
58.3
38.2
0.7 Tenure
Tenured
Tenure Track
Non-Tenure Track
59.7
38.2
0.7
Highest Institutional Degree
Doctoral
Masters
Baccalaureate
35.8
62.8
0.3 0.3 Institutional Type
PredominantlyWhiteOther
HBCU
Tribal College
Years as Full-Time Faculty Member Range 1-55 Years Mean: 16.5
35.1
37.2
27.8
Discipline
STEM
Humanities/Languages
Social Sciences
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Results: Correlations
Variables Multicultural Competence
Race .248 ***
Socially Marginalized -.210 ***
Gender -.337 ***
Sexual Orientation 0.048
STEM / Non-STEM -.361 ***
Racial Identity Phase I -.407 ***
Racial Identity Phase II .522 ***
Multicultural Education .280 ***
Multicultural Experience 0.200 **
Multicultural Competence --
***p < .001, **p < .01
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Variance in M. Competence
0
10
20
30
40
50
Overall RacialIdentity
M. Exp & Ed
49.4
25.4 25.4
23.5
2.8 M. Ex & Ed
R. Identity
Dem & Acad
Overall
Significant Individual Predictors
Overall Model Racial Identity Model M. Ex & Ed Model
R. Identity Phase II *** R. Identity Phase II *** STEM/Non-STEM ***
R. Identity Phase I *** R. Identity Phase I *** Gender ***
Gender *** Gender *** M. Experience **
Race ** Race *** Race **
STEM/Non-STEM ** STEM/Non-STEM ###
***p < .001, ###p = .001, **p < .01
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Key Findings: M. Competence Racial Identity Strongest Predictors
+ Developing a Positive Racial Identity
- Less Awareness of Identity & Actions
Demographic & Academic Predictors Gender
Important variable for faculty
Experiences of Prejudice / Sexism
STEM / Non-STEM Relevance to discipline, training, classroom
Race Consistent with Current Strategies
Experiences of Prejudice / Racism
Multicultural Experiences & Multicultural Education
Combination Significant in Follow-up Regression
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Implications Developing Multicultural Competence
Racial Identity & Multicultural Competence Developing a Positive Racial Identity
Ongoing Training & Time
Racial Identity Stronger than Race & Gender Overcoming Roadblocks in Hiring & Promotion
Address Burdens of Diverse Faculty
Race & Gender Still Important Supports Current Focus on Diversifying Faculty
Caution: Diversity does not necessarily equal Multicultural Competence
Multicultural Experience & Multicultural Education Similarities & Differences from Student Affairs
Caution with Multicultural Experience Variable
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Results: Correlations
Variables Multicultural
Practices
Race .276 ***
Socially Marginalized -.316 ***
Gender -.324 ***
Sexual Orientation 0.16 **
STEM / Non-STEM -.510 ***
Racial Identity Phase I -.340 ***
Racial Identity Phase II .397 ***
Multicultural Education .396 ***
Multicultural Experience .407 ***
Multicultural Competence .636 ***
***p < .001, **p < .01
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Variance in M. Practices
010203040506070
Overall RacialIdentity
M. Ex &Ed
M. Comp
62.2
40 40 40
7.4 11.3 14.5 M. Comp
M. Ex & Ed
R. Identity
Dem & Acad
Overall
Significant Individual Predictors
Overall Model Racial Identity Model M. Ex & Ed Model M. Competence Model
M. Competence *** STEM/Non-STEM *** STEM/Non-STEM *** M. Competence ***
STEM/Non-STEM *** R. Identity Phase II *** M. Experience *** STEM/Non-STEM ***
M. Education *** Race *** M. Education *** Race **
M. Experience *** Gender ** Gender *** Sexual Orientation *
Sexual Orientation ** R. Identity Phase I ** Race ** Socially Marginalized #
Sexual Orientation * Sexual Orientation #
***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05, #p = .05
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Key Findings: M. Practices Multicultural Competence Strongest Predictor
Comprehensive Framework: Awareness, Knowledge, Skills Ongoing Development with Goal of Effective Practices
Demographic & Academic Predictors STEM/ Non-STEM
Relevance to Discipline, Training & Classroom
Sexual Orientation Experiences of Prejudice / Heterosexism Visibility, Identity Development & Involvement on Campus
Multicultural Experiences & Multicultural Education Multicultural Experiences
Personal Experiences & Willingness to Address/Include Multicultural Issues
Multicultural Education Opportunities for ongoing reflection, dialog & strategies
Additional Findings from Follow-up Regressions Racial Identity Combination Other Demographic Variables
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Implications Developing Multicultural Practices
Multicultural Competence & Multicultural Practices
Multicultural Competence Framework: Awareness, Knowledge, Skills
Ongoing Personal Process & Time
Multicultural Experience & Multicultural Education
Training Focusing on Multicultural Competence & Practices
Support for Fostering Multicultural Experiences
Incentives for Both (teaching load reductions, funds, time, etc)
Demographic & Academic Implications
STEM/Non-STEM
Sexual Orientation
Other variables still important in some of the follow-up regressions
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Implications Academic Discipline
Discipline an Important Variable for Faculty Targeted Approach Necessary
In this study (differences gender & social marginalized)
Predictor of Multicultural Competence & M. Practices Perception and Relevance to Discipline/Classroom
Different Levels of Training & Experiences with Multicultural Issues
Explore Best Practices for STEM faculty
Don’t Overlook Development Within Non-STEM Disciplines
M. Competence Stronger than Academic Discipline Focus on Fostering Multicultural Competence for STEM
Faculty
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Discussion 2 Faculty & Multicultural Issues How can we assist faculty to further
develop their multicultural awareness, knowledge, and skills?
What should we consider when asking faculty to assist with multicultural issues or projects on our campuses?
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Understanding Faculty Culture How can we work more
effectively with faculty on our campuses?
What do we need to be aware of?
What knowledge do we need?
What skills may help us?
How can an understanding of faculty culture impact our collaborations with faculty?
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Faculty Rank Non-Tenure Track
Adjunct Faculty
Lecturer
Visiting Professor
Full-Time Non-Tenure
Tenure Track Assistant Professor
Associate Professor
Full Professor
Emeritus
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Faculty Responsibilities Research
Scholarship, Publications,
Grant Funding
Teaching Curriculum, Pedagogy,
Instruction, Evaluations Systemic/Individual
Service Discipline,
Institutional, Community
Variation Institutional Emphasis Value to Promotion & Tenure
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Tenure & Promotion Requirements for Tenure
Research (publications, grants)
Teaching (evaluations)
Service (institution, community)
Portfolio
Time Limits
Politics
Variations Emphasis
Bias
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Faculty Discipline Broad Categories vs. Specific Disciplines
Business, Education, Humanities, Social Science, Science, Technology, Engineering, Math (STEM), etc…
Differences among disciplines
Training
Focus / Methods
Subject
Recognition
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Faculty Training & Development Goal: Experts in their Field
Reluctance to Cover Diversity Unprepared or Overwhelmed
Training & Development Graduate School Preparation
Mismatch in Socialization (Austin, 2002)
Peers / Mentoring Institutional Development Professional Organizations Limited Time & Budgets
Best Practices Ongoing / Long Term Reflection / Dialog
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Course Loads & Schedules Level
Undergraduate Graduate Mixed
Load 3-3 3-4 4-4 5-5
Variation Overloads Downloads Sabbaticals
Course Schedules
2 or 3 days
Seminar
Online/Hybrid
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Faculty Governance / Politics Chairperson
Faculty Governance
Collective Bargaining / Contract
Shared Governance?
Involvement
Campus Politics
Institutional Climate
Fiscal Climate
Departmental Politics
Functional & Dysfunctional
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Burdened Faculty / Inequalities
Demands of Tenure & Promotion
Lack of Time
Unfilled Lines
Popular vs. “Marginal” Programs
Differences in Teaching and Expectations Multicultural Faculty
Women Faculty
LGBT Faculty
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Faculty – Student Interaction Many positive outcomes
Interest in grad school, college teaching, research, satisfaction (Astin, 1993)
Intellectual, Social, & Personal Values along with Educational Attainment (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005)
Faculty may assume advising and support roles
Satisfaction / Experience Varies for Some Student Populations
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Identity / Personal Implications
Outside Influences
Family
Health
Finances
Interests
Unique Identities
Experiences & Education
Different Motivations
Embrace/Resist Multicultural Issues
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Best Practices Faculty
Champions
Experience
Involvement
Relationships & Respect
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Faculty Champions Who are the faculty that are involved and often
willing to assist?
Similar interests and philosophies?
Willing to help
Often on the front lines
Models for other faculty
How can we help get other faculty involved?
Can’t always depend on faculty Champions
All faculty have the potential to offer assistance
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Experience How much do you
interact with faculty on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis?
Working alongside faculty builds experience
Gain a sense of the needs of your faculty
Better understand individual faculty
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Involvement Invite faculty to the
table from the beginning Committee Procedures
Avoid Surprises
Invite faculty to the table from the beginning Committee Procedures
Avoid Surprises
Ask faculty their opinions Gain Input
Gauge Support / Resistance
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Relationships & Respect Developing Relationships
Foster Ongoing working relationships
How can we assist faculty?
Mutual Respect
Need to respect faculty roles & responsibilities
Proven Track Record
Narratives
How we become who we are
Natural part of us
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Faculty Collaborative Competence Ability to demonstrate a certain amount of
awareness, knowledge, and skills related to faculty that fosters effective collaboration.
Awareness
Knowledge
Skills
Ongoing Process: Constantly reflecting,
learning, and adjusting our understanding.
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Awareness of Faculty Issues Recognizing faculty issues/needs
Where? Advisement with Students
Committee Work
Policy Development
Event Planning
Surroundings
What? Do you need faculty input?
Does it impact faculty?
Compatibility with faculty schedules?
Would faculty involvement help?
![Page 45: Faculty Multicultural Competence and Practices: Lessons ...wnyadvising.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/7/4/25746118/... · Other studies of Faculty MC Undergraduate Faculty S. M. Helms (2003)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060417/5f14a7cf926fd53e7f43c686/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Knowledge of Faculty Culture Understanding faculty culture
What knowledge is needed to collaborate with faculty? Rank
Responsibilities
Tenure Status
Discipline
Course Loads
Governance
Inequalities
Personal Perspective
How might this influence your practices?
![Page 46: Faculty Multicultural Competence and Practices: Lessons ...wnyadvising.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/7/4/25746118/... · Other studies of Faculty MC Undergraduate Faculty S. M. Helms (2003)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060417/5f14a7cf926fd53e7f43c686/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Skills for Working with Faculty The ability to turn awareness & knowledge into action
What skills do you need to work with faculty?
How do such skills impact or enhance your practices?
![Page 47: Faculty Multicultural Competence and Practices: Lessons ...wnyadvising.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/7/4/25746118/... · Other studies of Faculty MC Undergraduate Faculty S. M. Helms (2003)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060417/5f14a7cf926fd53e7f43c686/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Discussion 3 Applying Faculty Collaborative Competence
How can you apply faculty collaborative competence to the issues you mentioned at the beginning of the presentation?
What do we need to be aware of?
What knowledge might be helpful?
What skills do we need to have?
![Page 48: Faculty Multicultural Competence and Practices: Lessons ...wnyadvising.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/7/4/25746118/... · Other studies of Faculty MC Undergraduate Faculty S. M. Helms (2003)](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060417/5f14a7cf926fd53e7f43c686/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Questions & Further Discussion
Presentation Resources
WNYadvising.weebly.com/johnsauter.html
Presentation Slides
Handout
Bibliography